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Level 3 Organic Chemistry (Addition reactions (Hydrohalogenation (Alkene +…
Level 3 Organic Chemistry
Carbonyl group: A functional group that is made up of carbon atom attached to an oxygen with a double covalent bond (C=O).
This includes esters, acyl chlorides, amides, aldehydes and ketones.
Ester:The -OH group attached to the carboxylic acid is removed, and the carboxylic acidand alcohol are attached to one another through the oxygen atom of the -OH groupon the alcohol, after a hydrogen atom has been removed.The impact of the crash throws out an H2O molecule as a waste product.
Naming ketones and aldehydes: There are two main parts to its name:
1.One part represents the alcohol (“-yl”).
2.One part represents the carboxylic acid (“-anoate”).In front of the “-yl” is the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the alcohol,while the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the carboxylic acid goes infront of the “-anoate”
Acyl Chlorides: the -OH group of the carboxyl group (-COOH) group in carboxylic acids have been replaced by a -Cl to produce the acyl chloride.
Acyl chloride suffix: anoyl chloride
Amides: The -OH group from the carboxyl group is replaced with an amine (-NH2) group, producing the-CONH2amide group.
Amide suffix: 'amide'
Ketones and aldehydes: both have the same functional group: a carbon in the main chain bonded with an oxygen atom through a double covalent bond (C=O). The difference between KETONES and ALDEHYDES is the position of the C=O group.
In aldehydes, the C=O group is at the end of the molecule, on the 1st carbon in the chain.
In ketones, the C=O group can be anywhere in the molecules chin EXCEPT for the ends of the chain on the 1st carbon.
Ketone suffix: 'anone'
ISOMERS: organic molecules with the same molecular formula (same number and type of atoms) but a different chemical structure.
Structural (constitutional) isomers: have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
Optical Isomers have the same molecular formula but are mirror images of each other. These need to have 4 different functional groups around the central (chiral) carbon.
Geometric isomers are found when there is a C=C bond. Cis isomers have functional groups on the same side of the C=C bond, while trans isomers have groups on opposite sides.
Identifying Compounds
Tests to Identify Organic Compounds
Litmus Paper
Turns Red with carboxylic acids and acyl chlorides
Turns blue with amines
No change with alcohols, haloalkanes, ketones, aldehydes, esters, or amides
Water
Adding water to acyl chlorides will give a violent reaction
No reaction with haloalkanes or esters, but will not mix with water
No reaction with alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, or amides but will disolve in water
Tests with reagents
Lucas Reagent differentiates between primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols
Tollen's Reagent identifies an aldehyde with the formation of a silver mirror
Fehling's/Bennedicts solutions oxidise aldeydes to go from a blue solution to a red/brown ppt
Acidified dichromate will oxidise aldehydes and alcohols from orange to green
Acidified potassium permangenate will oxidise aldehydes and alcohols from purple to colourless
Polymers
Addition polymers are made without removing any atoms.
Alkenes break their C=C bonds, allowing monomers to join to create polymers
Condensation polymers are made by removing atoms from the monomers to form bonds between different monomers
Types of polymers
Polyamides
Condensation polymer formed by monomers linked by an amide bond.
Monomers are double-ended like diamines or dicarboxylic acids.
A small molecule is removed at each link to form amide bonds
Polypeptides
Condensation polymer formed by monomers that contain both a carboxylic acid group and a amine group.
A water molecule is removed by taking an OH and an H, which allows the monomers to join together
Polyesters
Condensation polymer formed by the linking of two monomers via an Ester bond.
The monomers are double-ended, like diols or dicarboxylic acids.
A small molecule is removed from each monomer in order to form the polymer
Addition reactions
Hydrogenation
Alkene + Hydrogen with nickle/platinum catalyst = Alkane
Halogenation
Alkene + Halogen = Haloalkane
Hydrohalogenation
Alkene + Hydrogen Halide = Haloalkane
Markovnikov's rule = The rich get richer
As the C=C bond is broken, the hydogen will preferentially join the carbon with more Hydrogens attached
Saytzeff's Rule = The poor get poorer
As haloalkanes are condensed to form alkenes, the double bond will remove hydrogen from the carbon with the least hydrogens attached
Hydration
Alkene + Water with conc. sulphuric acid catalyst = Alcohol