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Patient infected with Clostridium Tetani (Upstream Causes: (Direct Cause:,…
Patient infected with Clostridium Tetani
Downstream Effects:
Muscular System:
Spasms
Lockjaw
Jerking/Staring Seizures
Painful Muscle Stiffness
Involuntary Muscle Contractions
Laryngospasms
Secondary Skin Infections
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Cardiovascular System:
Elevated Blood Pressure
Fast Heart Rate
Cardiac Arrest
Respiratory System:
Pneumonia
Respiratory Failure
Blockage of a lung artery
Pulmonary Embolism
Skeletal System:
Spine Arch Backward
Sensitivity to Touch
Broken Bones
Bone Fractures
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Digestive System:
Trouble Swallowing
Diarrhea
Bloody Stools
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Nervous System:
Brain Damage
Numbness
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Upstream Causes:
Direct Cause:
Neuromuscular Junction in this patient:
Tetanospasim toxin, reaches motor neurons via the bloodstream
The toxin travels up the axon toward the neurons cell body which is found in the spinal cord
After 2-14 days, the toxin reaches the motor neuron's cell body in the spinal cord
Tetanospasim interfere with the action of the inhibitory interneurons. This toxin moves out of the motor neuron across the synapse into the inhibitory interneuron.
The toxin prevents the release of inhibitory transmitter from the interneuron which causes the interneuron to no longer control the motor neuron. So, the motor neuron fires constantly.
This leads to a continual release of neurotransmitters from the motor neuron terminals which cause the muscles to contract continuously causing spasms
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Indirect Cause:
Do:
Got a new tattoo
Tattoo parlor was "sketchy" = Dirty Needles
Dirty needles could have been in previous contact with soil
Not Do:
Research the tattoo place beforehand
Left the tattoo place if the parlor seemed "sketchy"
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Normal Organ System Structures:
Structures:
Muscular System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Skeletal System
Digestive System
Nervous System
Structural & Functional Classifications of Neurons:
Structural:
Unipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
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Process of Excitation-Contraction Coupling:
A neuron releases Acetylcholine (ACh).
Chemically-gated sodium (Na+) channels open
The membrane of the muscle fiber depolarizes
The voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels open
Calcium binds to Troponin
Tropomyosin unblock the myosin-binding sites on actin
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Process of Summation:
Temporal Summation:
A rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are close in time
Spatial Summation:
If more than one presynaptic neuron fires at the same time, EPSPs are generated at different locations on the neuron
Difference b/w Excitatory & Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials:
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials:
Local depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials:
A hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
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Clostridium Tetani:
Two Exotoxins Produced:
Tetanospasmin
Tetanolysin
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Normal Organ System Functions:
Functions:
Muscular System
: Assists with movement & heat production
Cardiovascular System:
Transports & circulates blood throughout the body
Respiratory System:
Does gas exchange
Skeletal System
: Provides the body's framework & protects organs
Digestive System:
Breaks down food
Nervous System:
Detects & responds to stimuli
Structural & Functional Classifications of Neurons:
Number of Extensions
Unipolar Neuron:
Neurons with one extension off of their cell body. These neurons are commonly found in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord.
Bipolar Neuron:
Neurons with two extensions from the cell body. These type of neurons are found in special sensory organs, such as the retina of the eye.
Multipolar Neuron:
Neurons with multiple extensions from the cell body. These are the most abundant in the body.
How these neurons function
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons:
Neurons that transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or organs toward the central nervous system.
Interneurons:
Neurons that conduct impulses within the CNS & integrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper motor output.
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Process of Excitation-Contraction Coupling:
Motor neuron releases Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine opens; Chemically gated-sodium channels
Sodium depolarizes the membrane
Sodium bumps into voltage-sensitive tubule protein & calcium exits from terminal cistern of SR
Calcium attaches to Troponin after it exits the from terminal cistern of SR
Troponin releases Tropomyosin out of place & the myosin-binding sites on actin
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Process of Summation:
Temporal Summation
: One neuron sends messages repeatedly
Summation brings the axon's initial segment to threshold & an AP fires
Spatial Summation
: More than one neuron sending a message
Summation brings the axon's initial segment to threshold & an AP fires
Difference b/w Excitatory & Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials:
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials:
Sodium (Na+) Depolarizes the membrane
Neurotransmitter binding opens chemically gated ion channels, allowing Na+ & K+ to pass. However, the gradient for Na+ is bigger so more Na+ enters causing depolarization
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials:
Potassium (K+) & Chloride (Cl-) Hyperpolarize the membrane
Neurotransmitter binding opens chemically gated ion channels, allowing either K+ or Cl- to pass. Causing Hyperpolarization
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Clostridium Tetani:
Produced with growth of bacteria
Tetanospasmin:
Enters the bloodstream & attacks the central nervous system
Tetanolysin:
An extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium tetani
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Anatomy:
Physiology:
Background:
