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GEOGRAPHY (methodological principles (why?: casualty (identifies the…

- - - - GALAXIES: a system of millions of stars toghether with gas and dust, held toghether by gravitational attraction
        
        classification
        
        eliptic shape: thay are identified with the letter E andnonly 20% of galaxies have this shape, they tend to have a flatter shape, they are formed by nucleus and halo
        
        spiral shape: they are identified with the letter S and have the shape of a whirl, they are formed by blue and white stars. they have three parts: nucleus, halo and clusters
        
        irregular shape: are identified by the leters Irr, they look chaotic and undefinedbthay are the youngest of the universe, they doesnt have an specific form
        
        SOLAR SYSTEM: group of bodies and comets that orbit around the Sun. there are many theories explaining the origin of solar system
        
        Theories
        
        catastrophic theory: proposes that the Solar system was formed from the Sun when a nearby star approached to it attracted by gravitational forces. thus, large amount of matter was drawn in the form of drops and condensed as to form planets
        
        Alister W. Cameron theory: supposed that the solar system was formed from the evolution ofr a nebula that contracted because of the gravitational attraction between its own particles, and was caused by the explosion of a nearby supernova( a very old star)
        
        nebular theory: by Immanuel Kant, it suggest tht the Sun the planets and the satellites were formed from a gas cloud slowly rotating until it contracted by the gravitational force
        
        Weizsâcker theory: assumes that an original nebula was formed by a disk of hydrogen, dust and helium in rotational movement. the powerful centrifugal force, expelled a big portion of gases nd dust, which by gravity stuck toghether start to form big rocks masses which generate planets and satellites
        
        components
        
        planets: dull bodies that are capable of reflecting light and revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
        
        asteroids: the term refers to rocky bodies of different shapes and sizes that orbit around the Sun, specially, in the inner solar system
        
        satellites: small rocky bodies that move around bigger objects, especially planets
        
        meteorites: little chunks of rock or debris in space. they are solid bodies that origin from the destruction of comets or asteroids and that cross the space with big velocity. they become meteors when they fall through a planet's atmosphere leaving a braight trail as they are heated to incadescense by the friction of the atmosphere
        
        comets: they are low density bodies, basically cosmic snowballs. they move around the sun in very long, elliptical orbits
        
        sun: it is a yellow that even lcated 150 million kilometers away from earth; it is still the source of energy, without the sun intense energy and heat, there would not be life on Erth.
        
        Moon: it is the Earth's only natural satellite, sphere composed by heavy chemical elements, it reflects the sunlight, since there is not atmosphere in the moon its temperature during the day and night is very extreme, present rotational movement around its axis and another one around its gravitational center. it has some effects on earth such as tides, which are periodical ascendant and descendant movements in the sea waters
        
        sun: it is a star and as such, does not have a solid surface. the sun's source of energy is the termonuclear fusion, transforming hydrogen into helium, this energy makes life as we know possible. the sun has six regions which are the following: core, radioative zone, convective zone, photosphere, chromosphere and corona. the sun is important because, it gives luminous and caloric and radiation that are neccessary to supporting life on our planet. it regulates the earth's surface temperature
        
        earth: is the third from the sun and has a shape of a tilted ellipse. it has two fundamental movements, rotation and revolution. the rotational movement determines the day and the night, earth's pole flattening, apparent movement of the stars and the sun, deviation of the bodies during free falling, time differences and the greenwich meridian. the revolutionary movement follows an elliptical orbit around the sun, this movement determines the seasons of the year
        
        earth's lines spots and circles: to better comprhend the earth is neccesary to consider the geographical references. there is an imaginary line that runs from the north pole to the south pole and crosses the earth's nucleus, this is called pole axis. the greenwhich meridian is a line of longitude defined 0º. the imaginary line that divides the planet into two hemispheres is called equator. the circumferences that encircles the earth from east to west are called paralells. in the nourtern and southern hemisphere there are to tropics called tropic of cancer and capricorn. the circle located in the northern hemisphere is called arctic circle and the one on the southern is called antarctic circle.
        
        earth crust dynamics
        
        volcanism: is a consequence of the multiple movement of the tectonic plates. collision between the plates crete cracks through which magma and other elemnts are expelled to the earth's surface. when the pressure inside the magma reservoirs is too high that the earth's crust cannot hold it, the magma flows to the exterior through ducts that are known as volcanoes
        
        seismicity: an eathquake is the result of the collision between two tectonic plates. these movements relase energy in the form of seismic waves. the point where the earthquakes originte is called hypocenter and the one over the earth's crust is called epicenter
        
        landscape forms
        
        plateaus: high plains or tablelands, which are areas of highland with relatively flat terrain
        
        plains: zones whose alttitude does not exceeds 500m above the mean sea level
        
        mountains: are the highest ellevations of the crust and can be originated by folding, mountains can have a volcanic origin. when tehy aggrupate they create formtions called massifs
        
        earth's representations: terrestial globe or geographhical, mercator or cylindrical, conic, azimuthal equal area, equidistant, equal area projection, mollweide( the most used to represent earth is the terrestrial globe)
        
        geological eras: precambrian, it started 4 billions years ago and ended 570 million years ago. oaleozoic, the continents of laurasia and gondwana collide with one another to form a supercontinent named pangea. mesozoic, pange continues breaking down and the earth's crust stretches, australia separated and form a new continent, dinosaurs regined during this era. cenozoic, the continous fracture of pangea, antarctica was defintevely separated from austarlia, the continents have the present formation. quaternary, the subsequent thaw caused that the sea level rise 30 or 40 metters, the homo sapiens dominates this era
        
        Atmosphere: it exhibits importants features as the ozone layer depletion, the climate change and the greenhouse effect. it is a gaseous layer that surrounds the earth and is considered the outermost layer of the earth's structure
        
        layers
        
        mesosphere: it reaches a tempreature of -130º and it hhas almost no density
        
        thermosphere: its temperature can reach 1000Cº but the gas atoms are so separted that you will not actually feel this temperature
        
        stratosphere: it is separated from the troposphere by a thin layer called the tropopause
        
        exosphere: is where artificial satellites orbit the planet
        
        troposphere: the most dense layer, where almost all atmospheric phenomena occur
        
        climate
        
        temperature: degree of heat in the air at a given moment and place
        
        atmospheric pressure: weight that air has on a given place
        
        precipitation: quantity of water that falls from the atmosphere
        
        wind: air movement caused by a difference in pressure
        
        climate zones
        
        temperate zones: recieve the solar rays obliquely and present the four temperate seasons
        
        torrid zones: solar rays hits vertically the earth's surface causing high temperatures
        
        polar zones: the sun can either remain over the orizon for the full 24 hours a day or remain under the horizon for the whole days
        
        Hydrosphere: the hydrosphere is also considered a layer of earth's structure which covers 70% of the entire planet surface
        
        properties
        
        continental water: from all water on earth, only 3% is fresh water and its found in the continents
        
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        sea water: nearly 97% of water around earth is in the oceans. some of seawater properties are: color is usually blue, it hs a higher density than fresh water, the temperature varies with latitude, depth,etc and also another chemical propertie is thei salinity. sea water also helps to mantain climate stablility
        
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        Cycles
        
        urban
        
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        natural
        
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        the moon crosses phases are: new moon,the sun and the moon rise at the same time. first quarter, appears illuminated on its right side and it is located 90º in relation to the Sun. full moon, sun moon and earth are directly aligned and the moon is totally illuminated. last quarter, it is located 270º considering the Sun position and the left half is illuminated
  - - - population: set of people living in one place
      - communication: necesary to exchange goods, people products
      - production: transform resources given by people
    - - linguistic: population is also divided by its language, which is
      - religion: influences aspects such as: economics, politics, social and cultural
      - ethnic: set of anthropologic characteristics shared by a group
    - - helps us to know which events occured to our ancestors
        
        colonial: knowledge provides for a better understanding of cultural and social process that affect a region