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Skeletal System (Bones (nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, temporal,…
Skeletal System
Bones
nasal
maxilla
zygomatic
mandible
temporal
cervical
parietal
clavicle
frontal
ribs
scapula
thoracic
sacrum
lumbar
humerus
radius
ulna
femur
coccyx
tibia
tibia
tarsals
sacrum
carpals
metacarpal
phalanges
metatarsals
Joints
Cartilage- a type of tissue that covers the surface of a bone at a joint. Cartilage helps reduce the friction of movement within a joint.
Synovial membrane- a tissue called the synovial membrane lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule. The synovial membrane secretes a clear, sticky fluid (synovial fluid) around the joint to lubricate it.
Ligaments- strong ligaments (tough, elastic bands of connective tissue) surround the joint to give support and limit the joint's movement. Ligaments connect bones together.
Tendons-on each side of a joint attach to muscles that control movement of the joint. Tendons connect muscles to bones.
Bursas- fluid-filled sacs, called bursas, between bones, ligaments, or other nearby structures. They help cushion the friction in a joint.
Synovial fluid- a clear, sticky fluid secreted by the synovial membrane.
Meniscus- this is a curved part of cartilage in the knees and other joints.
Disorders
Osteoarthritis- prevalent in the aged and is probably related to the normal aging process
Rheumatoid Arthritis- a chronic inflammatory disorder that arises between the ages of 30 and 50 but can occur any time
Arthrittis- describes over 100 different types of of inflamatory or degenerative diseases that damage
Gouty Arthritis- Uric acid, a normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism, is ordinarily excreted in urine without any problems
Tendonitis- inflammation of tendons sheatths, typically caused by overuse.
Lyme Disease- an inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bite of ticks that live on mice and deer.
Bursitis- inflammation of a bursa and is usually caused by a blow or friction
Types of Bone
Irregular Bone- have complex shapes (Ex: vertebrae and sacrum)
Short Bone- cubed shaped (Ex: tarsals and carpals)
Sesamoid Bone- reinforce tendons (Ex: patella)
Long Bone- Support Weight and Facilitate Movement (Ex: the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges).
Flat Bone- Protects internal organ (Ex: skull (occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and vomer), the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs), and the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Bone Fracture Repair
Hematoma formation: Blood vessels in the broken bone tear and hemorrhage, resulting in the formation of clotted blood, or a hematoma, at the site of the break. The severed blood vessels at the broken ends of the bone are sealed by the clotting process. Bone cells deprived of nutrients begin to die.
Bone generation: Within days of the fracture, capillaries grow into the hematoma, while phagocytic cells begin to clear away the dead cells. Though fragments of the blood clot may remain, fibroblasts and osteoblasts enter the area and begin to reform bone. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that connect the broken bone ends, while osteoblasts start to form spongy bone. The repair tissue between the broken bone ends, the fibrocartilaginous callus, is composed of both hyaline and fibrocartilage. Some bone spicules may also appear at this point.
Bony callous formation: The fibrocartilaginous callus is converted into a bony callus of spongy bone. It takes about two months for the broken bone ends to be firmly joined together after the fracture. This is similar to the endochondral formation of bone when cartilage becomes ossified; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone matrix are present.
Bone remodeling: The bony callus is then remodelled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, with excess material on the exterior of the bone and within the medullary cavity being removed. Compact bone is added to create bone tissue that is similar to the original, unbroken bone. This remodeling can take many months; the bone may remain uneven for years.
Movements allowed by synovial joints
Gliding- sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
Rotations- turning a bone around its longitudinal axis
Medial Rotation- Rotating toward the median plane
Lateral Rotation- rotating away from the median plane
Angular movements- increase or decrease the angle between two bones
Circumduction- moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
Adduction- moving a limb towards the body midline in the frontal plane
Abduction- moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
Extension- increasing the angle between two bones, usually the sagittal plane
Flexion- decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Pelvic Differences
Females have a larger and wider pelvic and a rounder pelvic inlet
Males iliac crests are higher than females and the sacrum is longer, narrower, straighter, and has a pronounced sacral promontory
bone remodeling
mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (ossification).
Microscopic anatomy of compact bone tissue
microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or Haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae (singular = lamella). Running down the center of each osteon is the central canal, or Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. These vessels and nerves branch off at right angles through a perforating canal, also known as Volkmann’s canals, to extend to the periosteum and endosteum.
Anatomy of the long bone- The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum. The outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, below which lies a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone). The interior part of the long bone is called the medullary cavity. The inner core of the bone cavity is composed of red and yellow marrow.