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A 23 year old male diagnosed with Clostridium tetani (Tetanus or lockjaw)…

- - - - Spinal Cord
  - - - ventilator may be required if the difficulty breathing becomes severe.
        
        pneumonia
  - - - Bone fractures and fractures of the spine due to muscle spasms and convulsions
  - - - Diarrhea
        
        Swallowing issues due to locked jaw
  - - - Secondary infections due to prolonged hospital stays
  - - - Sweating
  - - - Fever
        
        Abnormal heart rhythm
- - - - Insulate the axon and help with sending messages quicker.
    - - Produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons
    - - Carry nerve impulses toward the cell body
    - - The nodes of Ranvier allow for ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon.
    - - Holds genetic information, instructions for protein production
    - - Conducts electrical signals to a nerve synapse (the gap between nerve cells)
    - - "Thinking Part of a neuron"
      - Receives and deciphers messages from dendrites.
    - - the "decision" to initiate or not initiate a nerve impulse takes place
    - - Sends messages to the axon terminal.
        
        Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
      - Action Potential
  - - - IPSPs drive the neuron away from AP threshold
        
        Neurotransmitter binding opens CHEMICALLY gated ion channels
        
        Allows either K+ or Cl- to PASS
        
        The result is HYPERPOLARIZATION
  - - - EPSPs bring the neuron closer to AP threshold
        
        Neurotransmitter binding opens CHEMICALLY gated ion channels
        
        Allows Na+ and K+ to pass simultaneously
        
        The electrochemical gradient for Na+ is BIGGER than K+, MORE Na+ enters that K+ exits = DEPOLARIZATION
- - - - Multiple shorter cell extensions around the cell body, like satellites.
    - - a specialized part of the cell body of a neuron that connects to the axon.
    - - Center of the cell body
    - - One long cell extension off of the cell body
    - - The spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and connects to the dendrites
    - - Multiple layers of phospholipids surrounding the axon
    - - The cells in the peripheral nervous system
    - - a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells.
    - - very end of a branch of a nerve's axon, a long slender nerve fiber
- - - - CNS is responsible for integrating sensory information and responding accordingly.
    - - Function is what allows us to breathe and exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
    - - Primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, generating heat and protecting vital organs.
    - - Function is digestion and absorption
    - - Function is to transport blood and oxygen from the lungs to the various tissues of the body.
    - - Function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from our surroundings, retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.
    - - Function is to pump blood to the entire body, regulates blood pressure and heart rate.
    - - ACh released from the axon terminal bids to receptors on the sarcolemma.
        
        An action potential is generated and travels down the T tubule
        
        Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to the change in voltage
        
        Ca2+ binds troponin; Cross-bridges form between actin and myosin.
        
        AChE removes ACh from the synaptic cleft
        
        Ca2+ is transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        1 more item...
    - - Temporal Summation:
        
        A rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are close in time
        
        Temporal summation is the same neuron firing, but each signal is separated by time.
        
        So temporal summation is separated by time, same neuron.
      - Spatial Summation:
        
        If more than one presynaptic neuron fires at the same time, EPSPs are generated at different locations on the neuron
        
        spatial summation is separated by space, because we have 2 separate neurons that are firing.
        
        Spatial summation is separated by space, because there are 2 separate neurons.
      - No Summation:
        
        A slowly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are far apart in time.
      - The addition of post synaptic potential (PSP)
        
        RMP: -70mV
        
        Action potential comes down an axon: it reaches the axon terminals, neurotransmitters are released, and that causes an excitatory post-synaptic potential in the post-synaptic cell.
        
        Then there will be a slight increase in the membrane potential. We know that the threshold is at -55mV so that increase is not going to be enough to cause an action potential.
        
        What is needed is to get an excitatory post-synaptic action potential, and before the first one finishes, another one comes, raising the membrane potential even more, and that process continues over and over until eventually, we have enough stimulation to cause the membrane potential to reach threshold -55mV.
        
        And then, we get the action potential with depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and then the action potential is finished.