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Bacteria -question number 1 (Conventional (• Inexpensive, • Time…
Bacteria -question number 1
Conventional
• Inexpensive
• Time consuming
• Don’t require high technical skill
• Require large sample volume (labour intensive)
• Simple laboratory environment needed
• Not safe, rely on culture-based amplification
• Low sensitivity and specificity
• Late detection of pathogen
• Sensitive to reaction condition
• Able to detect bacterial infection
Molecular
• Expensive
• Less time needed
• Require high technical skill for accurate diagnosis
• Small quantity of specimen sufficient to be analysed (reduced labour)
• High controlled clinical laboratory environment needed
• Safer, pathogens are inactivated for testing
• Increase sensitivity and specificity
• Allow early detection of pathogen before virus can be grown or its antigens detected.
Limitations
Pasteurella multocida
oil adjuvant vaccines (common)
can cause rise in temperature in animal for a few hours
alum precipitated vaccines
shock reaction can occur
reliable immunity for three to four months
if not shaken well before use, administering this vaccine from bottom of the bottle will cause animal to receive large dose of bacteria
gel vaccines
administered twice a year and offer immunity of 4 to 6 months
broth vaccines
shock reaction occur in small amount of animals
antibody response to plain bacterin is poor and only provides rapid immunity for 6 weeks
Brucella abortus
types of vaccine
live vaccine (attenuated) RB51 (rough strain),S19(smooth strain)
These live vaccines were shown to be effective in preventing abortion and transmission
poor at preventing infection and sero-coversion
s19-vaccination of pregnant animal can cause abortion
DNA vaccine
promising results but require several boosters to achieve ddesired immunity
Vaccine subunit (mucosal)
Drawbacks
ineffective and not completely safe
no effective and relatively safe vaccine available that provide long term protection
Trigger innate immune response
inflammation
Chance for allergy reaction
mechanism of immune response toward vaccination
STRAIN 19 for brucella abortus
live attenueted vaccine
vaccine is weakened, Brucella Abortus is intracellular bacteria
Brucella abortus will be transported to lymph node for adaptive immunity, degraded and presented by MHC I to CD 8 T cell which change become cytotoxic cell
secreted granzyme B-secreting which kill the cell
Brucella Abortus can be presented by macrophage which will be presented to CD 4 Th 1
Secrete interferon gamma which activated macrophages,B cell activation, and produced opsonisation antibodies- IgG1
focus more on cell mediated immune response
Oil adjuvant for pasteurella multocida
killed vaccine
Pasteurella multocida is external bacteria, so when it bring to lymph node by dendritic cell will be presented by MHC II to CD4 T cell
CD 4 T cell will produced antibodies which stimulate by Th2 cell.
This vaccine focus more on humoral response by immunity