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Biology test year 8 (Food Preservation (Freezing (takes away the warmth…
Biology test year 8
Food Preservation
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Pasteurising
inactivates enzymes, destroying yeast and molds
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Structure
Viruses are made of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat with leg like tails beneath it 
Bacteria is formatted with dna loops, plasmids and cytoplasm surrounded by a cell wall, this is also attached to a flagella, which helps them swim
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Fungi is structured much like bacteria but with the addition of vacuoles
Protozoa are single-celled microbes with a nucleus and sometimes chlorophyll and/or a cell wall
Reproduction
Viruses reproduce by getting inside the cell and hijacking its own reproduction system. They then burst out of the cell, thus destroying it temporarily
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Fungi reproduce by dropping spores, which blow away and then grow into a new fungi
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Protozoa reproduce by binary fission, the same as in Bacteria.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics work by targeting certain parts of bacterial cells that human cells don't have. e.g human cells don't have cell walls
Penicillin is a type of mould and antibiotic that works by weakening the cell wall and causing the bacteria to burst open.
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, yet it was only turned into a drug 10 years later by Florey and Chain who extracted the useful chemicals and bottled it.
The reason you often feel sleepy and ill when you are on antibiotics is because it also destroys some of your good cells, lowering your immune system. As you feel ill, your body can't function as quickly, so you feel tired.
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The Spreading of Disease
Many ways including:
Sterilisation
Because good and bad bacteria is everywhere, when doing experiments with bacteria or giving vaccinations it is very important to make sure that you limit the bad bacteria that can land on the needle or your equipment.
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Bacteria is on every surface so if some bad bacteria gets on a surface, anyone that touches it could get the disease
Vaccines
How do they work?
By giving you a small dose of the microbe, your body is tricked into thinking it is the real thing and creates unique antibodies that then stay in your body, so you can be cured more quickly if you ever come into contact with it again.
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- White Blood Cells and the Immune System
- When are microbes useful?