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Populations and Ecosystems (Structure of populations (Uniform distribution…
Populations and Ecosystems
Pants in relation to their habitat
habitat
set of conditions to complete life cycle
operational habitat
affect a plant
2 types
Biotic
#
living factors
plant itself
other plant species
mutualism
beneficial for both org.
competition
disadvantageous for org.
competitive exclusion
very little competition occurs
niche
#
set of aspects of habitat that affect a species
ecotypes
transplant experiments
grown together in a common garden
Other than plants
commensal relationships
1 species benefits the other doesnt
common
unharmed
predation
one species benefits the other is harmed
plant and fungi
pathogenic
Abiotic
#
nonliving, physical phenomena
latitude
12 hour long days at equator
no seasonal variation
higher lat,
longer days
winter nights
light energy that strikes a given area
altitude
#
soil
breakdown of rock
young soils are deficient in nitrogen
first plant to invade new soil
pioneer
have to tolerate severe conditions
thick soil
3 layers of horizons
"A" Horizon
3 more items...
"B" Horizon
3 more items...
"C" horizon
1 more item...
disturbances
fires
common in dry ecosystems
lightning storms
floods
avalanches
radical change in ecosystem
climate
important to all org.
Structure of populations
limiting factor
spread throughout a region
all aspects of an interaction with its habitat
any factor of the ecosystem
Water
temperatures
biotic
#
critical
Random distribution
no pattern
clumped distribution
spacing between plants is small or large
rarely average
can result from many factors
Uniform distribution
evenly spaced
orchards
tree plantations
not common in nature
Age distribution
demography
way pop responds to various factors
Pop growth
Generation time
birth to the birth of ones offspring
biotic potential
intrinsic rate of natural increase
number of off that live to reproduce in optimal conditions
Carrying capacity
"K"
num of ind in each pop that can live in a particular ecosystem
limited
N=K, pop growth stops
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#
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structure of ecosystems
Physiognomic structure
physical size and shape
herbs
shrubs
trees
life forms
defined by C. Raunkiaer
temporal structure
changes in an ecosystem over time
gradual and dramatic changes over long periods
could be a day
species composition
number and diversity of species that coexist
climate is mild or stressful?
soil is rich or poor?
tolerance are broad or narrow?
presence of a large number of species creates more niches
#
Trophic Levels
#
feeding levels
each ecosystem contains autotrophs
primary producers
first step of food web
energy and nutrient supply for herbivores
primary consumers
preyed on by carnivores
secondary consumers
as plants are eaten
energy flow occur
carbon flow occur
decomposers
breakdown remains of all types of org.
fungi and bacteria
minerals recycled rapidly
IMPORTANT
pyramid of energy
biomass
