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8-year-old patient diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy after visit…

- - - - outer membrane
    - - many mitochondria
      - myofibrils
        
        bundles of contractile proteins
        
        muscle contraction
      - multinucleated
    - - helps message from a neuron
      - allow all muscle fiber to experience action potential
      - action potential
        
        a moving change in membrane charge
    - - stores calcium
  - - - middle region that only contains thick filaments
    - - found in the middle of the sacromere
      - helps anchor the thick filaments together
    - - lighter bands on sarcomere
        
        only contains thin filaments
    - - zig-zagging structures
      - myofilaments are attached here
    - - darker bands on sacromere
        
        regions of overlap of thick and thin filaments
    - - protein that makes up thin myofilaments
      - red
    - - protein that makes up thick filaments
      - blue
    - - regulatory protein
      - interacts with calcium
      - holds myosin in place
      - keeps tropomyosin in place
        
        myosin cannot attach
    - - regulatory protein
      - covers myosin-binding sites
      - runs whole length of thin fliaments
    - - two strands of actin subunits
    - - many myosin molecules
  - - - long and cylindrical
      - alterating bands
        
        sacromere
      - bones
    - - electron-transport chain
      - generates a lot of ATP
        
        more than 30
      - requires oxygen to build ATP
    - - heart
      - intercalated discs
      - striations on branched cells
    - - breaking down of sugar and glucose
      - ATP generates energy by breaking down glycogen
      - limited based on the amount of glucose
        
        generates 2-4 ATP
    - - walls of hollow organs
      - spindle-shaped cells
    - - liberate energy quickly
      - use ATP quickly
      - strong contraction
    - - liberate energy more slowly
      - use ATP slowly
      - use if you want long energy
  - - - transcription
        
        DNA is used to make an mRNA message
        
        comes before translation
        
        RNA polymerase
        
        builds enzymes
        
        attached to promoted region
        
        opens double helix
        
        DNA is read and transcribes it into mRNA message
      - translation
        
        cell translates mRNA message into proteins
        
        occurs after transcription
        
        mRNA leaves nucleus
        
        mRNA attaches to ribosome
        
        ribosome reads mRNA in codons
        
        tRNA add amino acids to growing chain
        
        resulting in a protein
  - - - ADP and P release
      - myosin head bends changing low energy state
        
        pulls actin filament to M lIne
    - - ATP attaches to myosin
        
        link between myosin and actin weaken
        
        myosin head detaches
    - - myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament
    - - myosin head returns to its cocked position
  - - - cuboidal cells
      - bone building
    - - bone breaking cells
    - - mature bone cell
- - - - in the mornings getting out of bed
    - - lethargic
    - - walking on tip toes
  - - - caused thinning of the bones
- - - - causes muscle degeneration and weakness
      - lack of dystrophin
        
        causes muscle cells to be fragile and easily damaged
  - - - dystrophin
        
        keeps muscle cells intact
- - - - weakness of the heart muscle
- - - - irri
  - - - respiratory failure
- - - - lack of mobility