Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Ch. 26 Community Ecology (Concepts (community (boundaries in (place, time)…

- - - - at same
        
        time
        
        place
    - - place
      - time
    - - beaver pond
    - - affected by
        
        predation
        
        mutualism
        
        competiton
        
        commensalism
        
        disturbance
        
        others
  - - - volcanic eruptions
      - erosion
      - fires
      - hurricanes
      - others
    - - and
        
        create
        
        communities
  - - - alteration
  - - - quaking aspen
        
        Populus tremuloides
      - spruce-fir forest
  - - - build towns
      - mine
      - farm
    - - habitat loss
      - habitat fragmentation
    - - conservation
    - - most destructive
- - - - species richness
      - species present
    - - presence of species
      - types of species
        
        such as
        
        absence
        
        relative abundance
        
        presence
        
        like
        
        shrubs
        
        trees
        
        herbs
        
        annuals
        
        perennials
        
        ephemerals
  - - - in
        
        diversity studies
    - - vs
        
        small areas
    - - usually more
        
        variation
        
        in
        
        topography
        
        geology
        
        soil types
        
        other
      - larger population
    - - and
        
        species richness
        
        species-area relationship
        
        Robert Whittaker
        
        Box 26-1
        
        S=cA^z
        
        a
        
        area
        
        c and z
        
        constants
        
        s
        
        species number
    - - alternative to
        
        checklist
        
        species-area relationships
  - - - similar to scale
    - - Canada
      - Siberia
      - Alaska
      - Antarctica
        
        few life-forms
        
        grass
        
        Deschampsia antarctica
        
        carnation family
        
        Colobanthus quitensis
    - - Southeast Asia
      - Central Africa
      - Amazon
    - - relative benign
        
        equator
        
        temperature
        
        rainfall
      - severe conditions
        
        in north
    - - of Earth
        
        causes
        
        differences
        
        diversity
        
        between
        
        areas
        
        high latitude
        
        tropical
- - - - to predator choice
        
        probability of encounter
        
        successful consumption
        
        decision to attack
    - - examines
        
        why herbivores eat
        
        the plants they do
    - - four predictions
        
        some prey items
        
        always eaten
        
        some
        
        never eaten
        
        probability of being eaten
        
        depends
        
        availability of other plants
        
        eat
        
        low-energy prey
        
        when high-energy
        
        prey is scarce
        
        prefer prey
        
        that yields
        
        most energy
  - - - intraspecies
        
        one species
      - interspecies
        
        multiple species
    - - restriction of
        
        access
      - of resource
      - examples
        
        bracken ferns
        
        Pteridium aquilinum
    - - less availability
        
        by consumption
      - of resource
    - - species chnage
        
        high density
        
        competitor present
        
        very low density
        
        to
        
        from
        
        with
    - - leads to
        
        increased
        
        growth rates
      - factor
      - substance
  - - - handling time
      - predator
        
        feeding rate
    - - feeding rate
      - handling time
      - dependent on
        
        prey density
        
        aka
        
        prey-dependent
    - - prey enrichment
      - predators
        
        overexploit prey
      - both species lost
    - - three types
        
        fixed effort hervesting
        
        harvest
        
        particular effort
        
        fixed quota harvesting
        
        harvest
        
        particular amount
        
        maximum sustained yield
        
        keep population density
        
        at certain point
  - - - appearance of competition
      - increase of
        
        on plant species
        
        associated with
        
        decrease in others
- - - - in community
  - - - aka
        
        mutualistic relationship
      - both species
        
        benefit
      - examples
        
        pollinators
        
        pollinated plants
      - neither
        
        predation nor
        
        competition
      - comes at cost
        
        minimize
        
        relationship continues
        
        until
        
        benefits outweigh
        
        costs
    - - one organism
        
        helps other
        
        without benefit
      - organism
        
        facilitates
        
        another
      - example
        
        nurse plants
      - alteration of
        
        environment
      - impacts succession
        
        espcially
        
        primary succession
        
        where
        
        organisms establish
        
        with new
        
        substrates
        
        environments
- - - - several populations
        
        interconneted by
        
        migration
        
        gene flow
      - important in
        
        conservation
      - model
        
        four assumptions
        
        some patches occupied
        
        others not
        
        empty patches
        
        colonized by migration
        
        livable 'patches'
        
        in environment
        
        populations in patch
        
        can go extinct
  - - - high quality patch
      - migration
        
        to 'low quality' patches
        
        examples
        
        animals
        
        walking
        
        swimming
        
        flying
        
        etc
        
        plants
        
        seed dispersal
        
        spores
        
        migration corridor
    - - low quality patch
    - - survives by
        
        colonizing new patches
        
        flourish temporarily
        
        move on
    - - aka
        
        assisted migration
      - animals captured
      - released
        
        in
        
        another area
- - - - three trophic levels
        
        primary consumers
        
        herbivores
        
        secondary consumers
        
        carnivores
        
        primary producers
        
        algae
        
        cyanobacteria
        
        plants
  - - - food web
        
        numerous interrelationships
      - energy flow web
        
        mapped relationships
      - keystone species
        
        dramatically affects
        
        community structure
      - food chain
        
        direct line
        
        of consumption