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Cell Biology Midterm III (Function and Origin of the cytoskeleton (The…

- - - - Carotenoids protect photosystem from damage
  - - - Plastoquinone is similar to ubiquinone in mitoochondrion
        
        passed to plastocyanin
        
        Passed to photosytem I
    - - This is a steeper proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane than that in mitochondria
        
        produce protons in thylakoid space
        
        pump protons across thylakoid membrane
      - The protons generated by water oxidation, pumped by cytochrome b6 -f complex from stroma, and the consumption of protons to synthesize NADPH
- - - - freely permeable to ions and small molecules once it is less than 5 kD
    - - Inner membrane cristae accommodate electron transport, proton transport, and ATP synthesis
- - - - most protein components in the respiratory chain are encoded by nuclear genome
        
        What are the advantages for such an evolution?
  - - - It is less than 0.001%
  - - - The genome evolves a bit slower compared to mitochondria since it is similar in all higher plants in 3 major processes: transcription, translation, and photosynthesis
        
        It includes 80-90 proteins and 45 RNAs with 37 or more tRNAs
- - - - microtubules are not involved in junctions through conntection with actin filaments