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HSP 3U: Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology,…

- - - - Conditioning Defined:
        
        Obtaining an important amount of influence on a person
      - Example: Your alarm goes off at six it the morning so you know you have to get up and get dressed for the day.
      - Conditioning: The constant guidance of behaviour in response to a stimulus
      - Stimulus: A thing/event that initiates a response
      - Behaviours: An action or reaction to independent stimulus
      - Behavioural Psychology: The study of human behaviours
      - Conditioning Gone Wrong
        
        Immoral Experiment: Little Albert
        
        Wanted to condition fear
        
        Coached the baby to connect colour and texture with fear
        
        Displayed fears and phobias are accomplished, conditioned responses to stimuli
        
        The child is now traumatized with anything connected to the colour and texture of something white and furry
      - Operant Conditioning
        
        Classical Vs Operant Conditioning
        
        B. F. Skinner (and later researchers) wanted to do the opposite: have a person or animal intervene which provided an outcome of stimulus.
        
        Example: (From the text )Pavlov rings a bell to make a dog salivate; Skinner teaches the dog to ring a bell to get food.
        
        Operant conditioning instructs people how to act to receive specific results
        
        Pavlov was only worried with how people and animals provided feedback to stimuli.
        
        Operant Conditioning Key Terms
        
        Reinforcement -- A behaviour is directed
        
        For example : ( from the text) A puppy can be directed to ring a bell when it needs to go outside and pee.
        
        Punishment -- A behaviour isn't directed
        
        A puppy is punished when it barks too much when looking out a window
        
        Positive -- A stimulus (praise or treat) is added to assist in learning/unlearning
        
        Negative -- A stimulus ( consequence of getting that same treat revoked ) which is removed to assist in learning/unlearning
        
        Examples of Conditioning in Action
        
        Parents use operant conditioning to teach their children how to behave and act
        
        Teachers to use operant conditioning equip elementary
        students for high school.
        
        Social media is designed to honor any engagement that takes place.
        
        Other Reasons For Choice
        
        Humanistic Psychology and Choice
        
        Humanistic Psychology value individuals and the unique characteristics between people.
        
        Works with individuals to help them advance and expand.
        
        The client centered model of therapy ( therapy that focuses on just you)
        
        Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
        
        Abraham Maslow is the designer of humanistic psychology. He believed every person could “self-actualize” become the best of themselves
        
        Maslow examined motivation to see why humans make the choices they make, and how to push them to reach their potential.
        
        He is most famous for his Hierarchy of Needs
        
        Removing Conditioning
        
        Feral Children
        
        cat raised by a horse in a barn
  - - - Identity defined :
        
        Personality is the thing you have which makes everyone different from one another
        
        Psychology and Personality: Carl Jung
        
        Carl Jung is one of Sigmund Freud’s students.
        
        His theories were significant to the field of psychology overall,
        
        lead to the advancement of many schools of thought.
        
        Been proven incorrect
        
        first to study personality in psychology.
        
        Carl Jung’s Theories and Ideas on Personality
        
        Introversion and Extroversion:
        Introversion : Shy / independent people
        Extroversion : Outgoing/expressive
        Ambiverts : Both^^
        
        Functional Types:
        
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        Improving Jung’s Theory on Personality
        
        The Truth About Personality and Psychology
        
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        In the 99 years since Jung’s theories on personality, various psychologists have tried to better those theories.
        
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  - - - (1) Psychodynamic Theory
        
        Psychodynamics:
        
        Most acknowledge for school of psychology
        
        First school of psychology
        
        Created by Sigmund Freud
        
        Developed psychology.
        
        many aspects of psychodynamics have been proven incorrect, or preferably justified in other schools of psychology.
        
        Psychodynamics: Conscious and Unconscious Mind
        
        Conscious Mind : The Mind & Mental Processes that you are aware of.
        
        Unconscious Mind : Everything you do without thinking for example breathing
        
        Psychodynamics: Id, Ego, and Superego
        
        ID : driven by the pleasure principle
        
        Ego : Balances impulses and pleasure
        
        Superego : Considers and cares for others, righteousness , duty,
      - (2) Behavioural Psychology
        
        What is Behaviour Pyschology?
        
        Why we act and react to our environments.
        
        Highlights and prioritizes observable behaviours and phenomena
        
        Frequent within the first half of the twentieth century
        
        Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 - 1936 )
        
        Nobel Prize - Winning Russian scientist who kicked off his career examining the digestive system.
        
        The experiment ; Pavlov expected an unconditioned response ( drooling ) when he presented the unconditioned stimulus ( food to the dog) In addition to his theory he took a neutral stimulus ( which was a bell and began to ring it at the same time the dog received food. Eventually the dog would think " everytime the bell rings it's time for food"
        
        Definitions used in the below text ; Unconditioned Response : The instinctive response to an unconditioned stimulus. Unconditioned stimulus : A stimulus that naturally activates a response
      - (3) Humanistic Psychology
        
        What is Humanistic Psychology
        
        Focuses on individuals and therapy to help people understand themselves & their behaviours.
        
        The Client Centered Model
        
        Focuses on growth for clients
        
        Maslow is most known for his Hierarchy of Needs :
        
        link to www.google.com
        
        To learn and grasp how people achieved the status of having reached their full potential.
        
        Examined " self- actualizing" people and their set of potential mountain experiences
        
        Perceived an interest in studying people
        
        Albraham Maslow ( 1908-1970) : - One of the designers of humanist psychology
      - Main Schools of thought
        
        ( 4) Cognitive Psychology
        
        What is Cognitive Psychology?
        
        Cognitive psychology investigates the mental processes of the brain. Including belief, motivation, desire & thought patterns,
        
        Therefore in summary cognitive psychology is the examination and application of how the brain learns.
        
        Albert Bandura ( 1925-) :
        
        Apart of the "Cognitive revolution" of psychologists
        
        Which brought on a social- cognitive theory, a perspective on personality that steals a persons motivation, environment and behaviour history.
        
        Bandura's theory can be used to anticipate and fluctuate an individual and groups behaviour
        
        Bandura believed people learn behaviour by observing and then matching others
        
        The experiment : To explore this theory, he created the Bobo Doll experiment
        
        First children watched a video in which an adult acted aggressively against a rubber Bobo dolly simply by hitting,punching,kicking,and even beating it with a mallet
        
        Then he allowed children one at a time to come in contact with the doll along side aggressive and nonaggressive toys available.
        
        Bandura detected that instead of their aggression being let out by watching the adult, the children behaved just as aggressively
        
        As a matter of fact children's interest in using toy guns to hit Bobo increased
        
        Elizabeth Loftus ( 1944-)
        
        Elizabeth studied imaginary memories and the resilience/ reliability of repressed memories
        
        To test her theory, Loftus and Jacqueline E. Pickrell constructed an experiment where participants read multiple stories of real events that had existed during their childhood. as well as one fictional story
        
        The fictional story was about them being lost at a mall
        
        The results demonstrated that 29% of participants remembered at least part of the false event, while 25% continuing to remember it in two follow up interviews.
        
        ( 5) Developmental Psychology
        
        What is Developmental Psychology?
        
        The study of how people develop and advance .
        
        Analyzes explores how human beings develop over their lifetimes.
        
        Occurred from Freud’s ideas about how childhood trauma affects adults later in life.
        
        Conflicts with mental abilities, the impact of school, play, work, and responsibility
        
        Changed by MRIs, which grant access for psychologists to look at how brains are changing in various circumstances.
  - - - The branch of psychology that is associated with social interactions
        
        (1) Social Conformity:
        
        The act of altering a belief or behaviour to conform (fit in, be like everyone else).
        
        sometimes accomplished through peer pressure,
        
        often happens just by observing other people
        
        necessary for people to learn how to behave
        
        can also be incredibly dangerous.
        
        Experiment explanation :
        
        The Bystander Effect
        
        Therefore I would conform
        
        The Bystander Effect is an effect that takes place when an individual makes a move first in a crowd or doesn’t make one at all.
        
        The experiment involved 3 actors the first guy was laying on the floor for 20 minutes and received no help. The second females laid on the floor for 4 minutes and she didn’t receive help till someone else made a move first and lastly the last guy was well dressed and received help after just 6 seconds which goes to show that appearance and maybe gender plays an important role in the Bystander Effec
      - (2) Ingroups and outgroups: racism, extremism,
        evil
        
        Ingroups and outgroups defined :
        
        Ingroups:
        Ingroups are any groups you feel you pertain to.
        Examples include :
        
        Students
        
        Teens
        More specifically Tik Tok groups which is one i'm apart of.
        
        Outgroups:
        Groups you don't feel obligated too.
        Including :
        
        Teachers
        
        Adults
        
        Cool Kids
        
        Ingroups and outgroups become a problem when it's stereotyped.
        
        Outgroup Stereotyping
        
        Stereotyping defined ;
        
        Stereotyping declares a set of conceptions people have about a specific outgroup
        
        ideas are generalizations
        
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        Blue Eyes Brown Eyes experiment
        
        In 1968, elementary teacher Jane Ellliot conducted an experiment in her classroom that would lead her students and others to change the way they thought about racism and prejudice.”
        
        The experiment :
        “ Elliot began randomly dividing the class into “ blue eyed” and brown- eyed” groups. Immediately she established that the “ blue - eyed” children were smarter and better than the others. She praised them and gave them privileges such as a longer recess and being first in the lunch line. Meanwhile, the brown eyed children were given collars to wear and were disciplined and ridiculed for the smallest of errors. A few days later Elliot made the brown - eyed group the superior group and made the blue eyed group wear collars.”
        
        The results : As it states in the text “ She discovered that the children who had been told they were smarter actually performed better in testing. Likewise, the children who were wearing the collars performed worse in testing and their behaviour changed. Some became sullen while others behaved worse than ever before. She had not told the students to behave in any particular manner, yet they subconsciously demonstrated discriminatory behaviour.”
        
        ( connection ) : As an african american this experiment is quite similar to what I experience, both brown and blue eyed people cannot control the eye colour they were born and I cannot change nor control the skin colour I was born in. I will never understand why people come for others characteristics that they simply have no control over. Which is funny because people say Blue Lives Matter when we say Black Lives Matter but last time I checked it’s a blue shirt not a blue life.
        
        Outgroup Stereotyping -- It’s Impacts on Society
        
        "Terrorism is a persistent aspect of human society. For example :
        
        The FLQ (A Quebecois seperatist movement in Canada)
        
        The IRA (An Irish sepretist movement in the UK)
        
        Guy Fawkes (Created the Gunpowder Plot in response to Roman Catholic persecution)
        
        KKK 1865-1877 (Organized the murder of 30000 Freedmen and their political allies -- response to aboliton of slavery and feeling outgrouped politically)
        
        Tulsa Race Riots (Destruction of the “Black Wall Street” -- property and businesses of rich Black Americans)
        
        Common themes:
        
        People feel they are a persecuted outgroup, either as a minority or as a majority faced with political change"
        
        Outgroup Stereotyping -- Dehumanization, Scapegoating, and Genocide
        
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        https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1ZwwF3e-A_SsKVLf_GvVwoNB7q9LNDr4VewF-zHx9glE/edit#slide=id.g35f391192_00
- - - - Father of sociology
      - The first to study crime in sociology.
      - Cesare Beccaria
        
        The father of criminology,
        
        Cesare Beccaria was the main influence in criminal justice advanced in the 1800's
        
        Emile Durkheim
        
        main theorist examining deviance.
        
        In modern times criminology is defined as the investigation of crime and deviance.
    - - Cesare Beccaria is well- known for four arguments:
      - free will
      - Engaging in crime weigh the benefits and costs of committing a crime
      - Punishments increase the “costs” of a crime
      - Punishment works if it is severe, swift, and certain.
      - Emile Durkheim
        
        a structural functionalist
        
        studied why people deviate from social norms.
        
        He wrote about Anomie: how much people deviate from social norms.
        
        His work lead to others looking at the reason why and how people become deviant.
        
        Merton’s Strain Theory
        
        Robert Merton wanted to justify how humanity leads to deviance, and then accompany crime.
        
        Merton’s “creators” clarified deviance is due to unequal humanity
        
        Punishment and Rehabilitation
        
        Punishment:
        
        Crime is a choice by person or group.
        
        Crime happens when the behaviour outweighs the consequence
        
        Criminals need to be punished to deter crime.
        
        Rehabilitation:
        
        Crime is the aftermath of an unequal society.
        
        Crime happens when people don’t have lawful measures and goals.
        
        Criminals need to improv and be given moments to redeem themselves.
        
        Who decides on laws?
        
        Crime and Punishment in Canada
        
        Crime and Rehabilitation in Canada
        
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        Different crimes have different consequences
        
        Countless crimes have punishments that the criminal has to suffer from.
        
        Speeding and parking violations have “fines” ( numerical punishment )Strike one.
        
        Assault, fraud, and other crimes can result in jail time.
        
        Within specific professions (medical, law, teaching), licenses can be revoked in the process of any criminal record so it's best to stay out of trouble.
        
        Law is a combo of government legislation and common law.
        
        Laws change over time and different places take hold in different laws.
        
        "In 2012, over 600 000 Canadians had a marajuana-related criminal record. Since 2018, it has been legalized for adults over 19 who purchase it legally."
- - - - Social scientists address and examine what people have normalized.
        
        This Course Focuses on Three Social Sciences
        
        Sociology
        
        Psychology
        
        Anthropology
        
        They are:
        
        Three Major Research Methods
        
        Experiments
        
        Independent and Dependent Variables
        
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        Experiments and Variables
        
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        Observations
        
        Mostly takes place incommon places
        
        Interviews
        
        Surveys: A research method used to collect lots of data
        
        Interviews: A research method used to discuss their subjects often one on one communication through a series of questions to get more detail.
        
        Researchers verify work provided to them
        
        Researchers locate topics, establish a hypotheses, collect data, then report what they've found.
        
        What Makes “Social Sciences” a Science?
        
        Uses observational and experimental evidence
        
        Follows the scientific method
        
        personal ex.
- - - - Examines people and their actions that come with
      - Views how people change overtime
      - . Considers what and how a person may react in a certain situations.
      - Pre estimates future behaviours based on history
      - Key points of Anthropology
        
        Examines of humans, past and present
        
        Acknowledges the difference of foreign and historical humanity with our present humanity.
        
        Considers how society has adjusted over time and how it has stayed equal
        
        Views language, essentials, and knowledge that may impact society
        
        Key Points of Sociology
        
        Study of culture and humanity
        
        Concentrates on trying to understand every detail of our humanity
        
        Views how humanity impacts decisions and actions towards individuals
        
        Explores huge foundations in humanity for example family, crime, and religion.
      - Alters an individual’s action /mindset
- - - - Abstracts are the very first thing readers view
      - Abstracts provides a thesis/ introduction that indicates and let your readers know what the report will be about
      - Abstracts often answer 3 questions:
      - What is the topic of your study
      - Why is your topic important to study
      - Why is your relevant to today’s world.
      - Writing the Hypothesis
        
        What is a hypothesis
        
        The hypothesis is what you pre estimation before researching
        
        It is consist of 3 sentences:
        
        In a short sentence justify what you think you'll find from your research
        
        In a second and third sentence, explain why you think this will happen.
        
        Example :
        
        Writing the Research Method
        
        Overview of a Research Method
        
        How you gather information.
        
        who is being surveyed.
        
        Consists of biases and how you get over them.
        
        My research report : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1v2TeJDJT6-Vlgh1fgewmG5KQI5tLJAxa-FjMDgSMpNE/edit
        
        My survery : https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1Z5451RV8MGF3Al5VvBIb2V3EvHThLDEr_c5z_yyyYYw/edit#responses
- - - - Values:
      - Something society finds something worth or important
      - Canadian humanity values universal healthcare
      - Conceited societies value independent people who do bizarre things
      - Norms:
      - Humanity considers all things normal
      - Going to school in most countries has been normalized.
      - Socialization in Sociology
        
        In sociology, socialization is the process of learning the worth and norms of a society. Importantly:
        
        The culture and where you grew up adjusts your worth
        
        The norms of humanity vary based on precise placing.
        
        Categories of Socialization
        
        Primary Socialization ( 1)
        
        The process of researching the key skills necessary to get through life.
        
        Examples from the lesson : language, hygiene, eating habits, etc.
        
        Secondary Socialization ( 2)
        
        The process of learning researching to act a way in group situations
        
        Examples from the lesson : teaching the expectations and roles of people in different locations (how to act at school vs home)
        
        Anticipatory Socialization (3)
        
        Learning how to act in a new environment
        
        Example from the lesson : when going to college and university, you will anticipate how to behave in lectures based on your high school experiences.
        
        Resocialization (4)
        
        The procedure of old habits turned into socially acceptable ones.
        
        Example from the lesson : students who routinely submit work late get resocialized in university to manage their time.
        
        Groups and Belonging
        
        Groups and Belonging Defined
        
        While socializing it gives you the oppurtiunity to join many groups.
        
        Example from the lesson : Family, friends, peers, coworkers, and teams are all examples of groups.
        
        Groups are held together by interest that ties a group together.
        
        Examples from the text Ties can include love, companionship, working towards a common goal, or sharing a belief.
        
        Primary and Secondary Groups
        
        Primary Groups :
        
        Primary groups support/ care for others in their group, they are linked through emotions and tend to grow similar when they've been together for a long time.
        
        Secondary Groups :
        
        Secondary groups are formal they contribute to familiar goals within groups for example sports or school clubs.
        
        Group Influence and Socialization
        
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- - - - Macro sociology views whole societies and institutions
      - The following are associated with macro sociology :Culture, government, and economic systems.
      - Micro sociology views minor groups within a society
      - The following are associated with micro sociology :Subculture, workers, and the economics of a small business.
      - Structural Functionalism
        
        The first school of sociology suspect that everything in society is structured in a way that accommodates society's function.
        
        Schools occur because children are obligated to an educated in order to play a role in a modern society
        
        Supermarkets exist because very little people work in generating food today
        
        The main idea in structural functionalism is:
        
        Every facet of society takes place because it accomplishes a need of society.
        
        The extensive blemish of structural functionalism is that some people misunderstand this, and believe that everything in society is mandatory for society to function.
        
        Flaws in Structural Functionalism
        
        In 1850s America, a sociologist would contend slavery is necessary for the economies of the south to perform.
        
        Although Slavery was never necessary to result in the functions of african american it was just the system recycled in the south.
        
        Every law occurs because it serves a required purpose in maintaining society.
        
        laws adjust, any one law cannot be required for society to function.
        
        Structural Functionalism Today
        
        Everything in society occurs to deliver a function, or occured to provide a function but has been created obsolete
        
        Structural functionalism only acknowledges macro sociology
        
        Conflict Theory
        
        Established by Karl Marx when constructing his theory of Marxism,
        
        Conflict Theory views society through the lens of consistent conflict over resources.
        
        People who are wealthy and have access to resources will try to maintain wealth inequality.
        
        Society occurs because those with assets exert jurisdiction (fear, influence, or coercion) onto others in society.
        
        Conflict theorist recognizes institutions (justice, law, education, etc.) as tools to preserve power.
        
        History of Feminist Sociology
        
        Symbolic Interactionism
        
        Symbolic interactionism is a minor -sociology theory.
        
        Symbolic interactionists have faith in the following :
        
        Words, images, and symbols that mold our actions in society :
        
        Labels we put on ourselves and others shift our behaviours
        
        What is it?
        
        What Does Symbolic Interactionism Look Like?
        
        For example a BLM protest.
        
        A conflict theory would view how race and class clash with one another.
        
        A structural functionalist would view how protests allow people to unleash dissatisfaction and make adjustments in society
        
        A feminist perspective would views how society treats
        diverse groups differently, focusing on race, gender and queer people ( everyone is included through feminist perspective) .
        
        Symbolic Interactionism Recap**
        
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        Role Theory
        
        Role Theory Key Terms**
        
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        Traditionally, sociology was only interested in straight, white men to understand how and why society operates the way it does.
        
        In the 50s and 60s, women took the initiative and studied society relating to white women. (Gender conflict theory)
        
        In the 80s, black feminists reevaluated and shifted it from feminist sociology to the study of intersectionalist feminism
        
        Intersectional feminism is the examination of class, race, gender, and LGBTQ2IA+, in regards to traditional feminist topics.
        
        What Does Feminist Sociology Study?
        
        Feminists sociology is :
        
        How and why gender is made in society.
        
        How and why women have less power than men generally in society also how race, ethnicity, and LGBTQ2IA+ status play into modifying levels of power in society)
        
        Conflict Theory Examples
        
        Conflict theorist might argue the following examples according to the slideshow:
        
        Inequality is structural. Different people are born with more or fewer resources and opportunities which unfairly give different classes power
        
        War is a competition between nations over limited resources (land, trade, global influence)
        
        Protests, rioting, and revolution occur when more powerful groups fail to coerce less powerful groups to conform in society.
        
        Conflict Theory Flaws
        
        Conflict theory has been blames in many ways:
        
        Karl Marx and others only recognized money, wealth classes, to differ conflict thus ignoring gender, race, religion, and other origins of discrimination.
        
        Conflict theory signifies that all social communication between groups is about conflict.
        
        Race Conflict Theory
        
        A subsection of Conflict Theory is called Race Conflict Theory -- it is Conflict Theory applied to racism.
        
        Race Conflict Theory argues:
        
        Different opportunities exist for people of different races
        
        Different races have different access to shared opportunities
        
        Social institutions, laws, and economic systems all create systemic, institutionalized racism
        
        Examples of Race Conflict Theory
        
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        Citation : https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1cu6Iv5W2osmdJp3xhHR5RoxtkqYSxq2pNEB77jE7wx4/edit#slide=id.ga266e2541a_0_0
- - - - What do anthropologist study?
      - The examination of how humans and culture grow overtime
      - Primatology contrates on primates to detect how people advance in culture, language, tools, and socialization
      - Paleoanthropology looks at fossils to see how we've developed from history till present.
      - Ethnology examines various groups of people by living with/ near them to get a better understanding their culture
      - Linguistic anthropologists look human language to observe language shapes and culture
      - Archaeologists examin previous ( before present time) society to view how humanity has formed formed, and compares to present day.
        
        Schools of Thought
        
        Cultural Relativism
        
        Functional Theory
        
        Cultural Materialism
        
        Feminist Anthropology
        
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        Cultural materialists believe that humanity develops on a trial- and-error basis.. If something is not worth while to society then it will take the cause out which consist of law, govern, and religion that are beneficial to civilization.
        
        Functional theory is the mental understanding that every belief,action,or relationship in a culture functions operates to connect the needs of people .
        
        Cultural relativism is a response to a theory of cultural progression viewed through a period of European culture that was " above" anyone else.