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COATING - Coggle Diagram

- - - - insulator
      - variety colours
    - - electrochemical process
      - aluminium oxide layer built
      - aluminium metal surface
      - type
        
        chromic acid (I)
        
        sulfuric acid (II)
        
        sulfuric acid hard (III)
  - - - current applied
        
        water breaks
        
        oxygen at anode
        
        oxygen + Al
        
        form oxide to surface
  - - - thick porous coating
      - thin transparent coating
  - - - form oxide both side
      - thickness film determine by voltage applied
    - - sealing
        
        hot water
        
        nickel acetate
        
        cobalt acetate
    - - definition
        
        anodizing process
        
        formation translucent fil
      - formation
        
        sulfuric acid solution
        
        hot water seal
      - properties
        
        corrosion resistance
        
        wear resistance
    - - definition
        
        anodizing process
        
        formation high density coating
        
        large cells
        
        small pores
      - formation
        
        low temperature
        
        low acidity
      - application
        
        durable
        
        abrasion resistance
        
        bearing
        
        not sealed to hold lubricant
        
        second hardest
- - - - displacement reaction
        
        anode surface
        
        open circuit
      - work-piece dissolve
        
        metal ions
        
        higher oxidation potential
      - metal ions in solution
        
        deposits at cathode
        
        absence of external power source
      - spontaneuos
    - - decorative purpose
    - - deposits
        
        difficult to control
        
        may be porous/poorly adhere
      - rate of deposition declines within time
      - surface must catalytically activated
  - - - electrochemical process
      - metal ions transfer
      - deposited thin layer
      - presence DC circuit
    - - physical properties
        
        increase thickness
        
        alter apperance
      - special surface properties
        
        provide protection
      - chemical properties
        
        increase corrosion resistance
      - mechanical properties
        
        tensile strength
        
        hardness
    - - mass
      - rack
      - continuous
      - line
    - - all-sulfate
      - all-chloride
      - sulfate-chloride
      - hard nickel
      - black nickel
    - - prepare sample
      - melt wax
      - cover in wax
      - electroplate
      - clean
    - - chrome plating
        
        automobiles
        
        motorcycles
      - jewellery
      - steel parts
        
        bolts
        
        nuts
        
        hand tools
  - - - redox reaction
      - deposit metal
      - in open circuit
    - - have autocatalytic substrate
      - constant deposition rate
      - uniform depositiion thickness
      - bath
        
        good analytical control
        
        short lifetime
- - - - hihghly durable
      - fused to metal by firing
      - purpose
        
        protect surface
        
        chemical attack
        
        physical damage
        
        modify structural characteristics
        
        improve appearence
        
        enhance mechanical properties
    - - opaque
      - protective surface
        
        smooth
        
        hard
        
        cannot be burn
      - high durability
      - high quality aesthetic
      - resistance to
        
        wear
        
        abrasion
        
        corrosion
        
        chemical
        
        temperature
      - enhanced mechanical & physical properties
        
        lubricity
        
        flexibility
        
        thickness
    - - flux
        
        lead oxide
        
        sodium oxide
        
        boric acid
      - refractories
        
        contribute to hardness & resistance
        
        feldspar, quartz
      - oxidizing agent
        
        pyrolusite
        
        nitre
      - coloring agent
        
        oxides
        
        frits
      - floating agent
        
        clays
        
        gums
      - electrolyte
      - opacifiers
        
        cryolite
        
        flourspar
  - - - frequently mixed
      - smelted
      - high temperature
      - frit
        
        infired enamel mixture
        
        determine by substrate
        
        different metal, different frit composition
      - process
        
        mixing ingredients
        
        undergo melting furnace charging
        
        metal oxides & minerals
        
        quenching tank
        
        granulating mixture to powder
        
        powder frit smelted & stirred
        
        liquid slurry suspension
        
        frit powder
    - - surface of substrate cleaned
      - remove remnants
        
        chemical
        
        rust
        
        oil
    - - enamel coating
        
        dry
        
        wet
        
        applied by
        
        dipping
        
        slushing
        
        enamels slip pour to metal surface
        
        alow excess run off
        
        brushing
        
        spraying
        
        bepowdering
        
        sprinkle cover coat enamel powder
        
        red hot ground coat
        
        makes coating and firing one process
      - firing
        
        coated metal body
        
        oven
        
        rotary
        
        tunnel furnace
        
        fire
        
        firing temperature
        
        ground metal with borosilicate
        
        820-880
        
        cover coat
        
        800-850
        
        improve adherence
        
        enamel layer
        
        metal body
    - - coating
      - drying
      - drying & cooling
      - firing
      - washing
      - controlled cooling
      - inspection
      - inspection, assemblly, packaging, shipping
  - - - colour retention
      - UV & weather resistance
      - durable
      - photo reproduction
      - design flexibility
    - - easily rust when chipped
      - poor heat conduction
- - - - improving hardness
      - wear resistance
      - reducing friction
      - improve oxidation resistance
  - - - high-temperature vacuum evaporation
      - subsequent condensation
      - plasma sputter bombardment
    - - more corrosion resistance
      - good impact strength
      - abrasion resistance
      - durable
      - any organic material can be used
      - perfect adhesion
      - excellent color consistency
      - environmental friendly
    - - difficult to coat
      - high cost
      - require skilled operators
      - large amount of heat
      - slow rate of coating deposition
    - - semiconductor devices
      - thin film & coating
      - food packaging
    - - material converted to phase gas
      - evaporation / sputtering on atomic scale
      - gas hits sample
      - movement to samples
        
        condensation
        
        aggregate state of material changes
      - details
        
        relies on thermal energy
        
        source of heat
        
        electrical resistance
        
        electric beam
        
        source materials melts and vaporize
        
        deposited on substrate
  - - - chemical process
      - high purity
      - high performance
    - - versatile
      - high dense
      - good reproducibility
      - reasonable processing cost
      - able to control
        
        crystal structures
        
        surface morphology
        
        CVD orientation
      - adjustable deposition rate
    - - hazardous
      - difficult to deposit multi-component
      - use sophisticated reactor & vacuum
    - - transport of reactant
        
        forced convection
        
        deposition region
      - transport of reactant
        
        diffusion
        
        main gas stream to substrate
      - adsorption gaseous reactants
      - chemical decomposition
        
        deposits
        
        by-product
      - deposits diffuse
        
        crystallization center
        
        growth of film
        
        desorption of by products
      - by-products transport by diffusion
      - transport by-products via forced convection
- - - - applied vertically
      - principle
        
        spread with excess coating
        
        excess drip off
      - advantages
        
        apply only 1 side
        
        saving coating materials
    - - remove limitedd cured H+
        
        smoke & ashes
      - H2O & CO2 released
      - advantages
        
        invisible
        
        odourless
        
        harmless
    - - roll-to-roll
      - apply liquid paint
        
        pretreating agent
        
        aluminium
        
        steel
      - parameters
        
        roll speed
        
        roll distance
    - - apply on controlled liquid thickness
      - principle
    - - coating
        
        glass
        
        plastic sheet
      - principle
        
        pull substrate after immersed
        
        leaving thin layer on substrate
        
        thin layer of polymer forms
    - - Brushing
      - Fluidized Bed Coating
      - Spray Coating
      - Electrophoresis
      - Spin Coating
      - Knife Over Air
      - Gravure
      - Slot Die
  - - - forms continuous film
      - adhere to substrate
    - - liquid
      - make coating fluid enough
    - - insoluble solid
      - disperse & remain suspended
      - provide colour
    - - modify properties
- - - - definition
        
        very thin protective layer
        
        created by chemical reaction
        
        metal
        
        chemical solution
      - produced from chromate flouride bath
      - use for mild corrosion protection
      - offer no resistance
        
        wear
        
        abrasion
    - - phosphate coating
        
        chemical conversion
        
        produce thin adherent phosphate compound
        
        advantages
        
        corrosion protection
        
        good paint & oil base
        
        protect base steel
        
        good break in for hold lubricant
        
        application
        
        retain oil part in gun trigger
        
        paint adhesion
        
        gears
      - chromate coating
        
        similar to phosphate coating
        
        chromate coating formed
        
        reaction of water solution
        
        chromic acid
        
        chromic salts
        
        advantages
        
        good paint base
        
        protect from corrosion
        
        good electrical properties
        
        easily applied
        
        application
        
        paint adhesion
        
        cabinetry of electronic power supply
        
        immersion protective coating
        
        aerospace industry
        
        landing gear
        
        shock absorber
        
        flight control system
        
        aircraft hulls
      - oxide coating
        
        done by
        
        heat
        
        chemical
        
        electrochemical
        
        advantage
        
        corrosion resistance
        
        appearence
        
        cost competitive
        
        dimensional stability
        
        application
        
        railroad track
        
        firearm component
        
        bearing
        
        tooling
    - - original rough surface
      - conversion coating formation
      - conversion coating removal
      - conversion coating reform
      - generating flat surface
      - burnish
      - rinse & dry
    - - compressed air
      - infra red lamps
      - heated oven
      - wiping
      - draining
- - - - low thermal conductivity
      - low thermal expansion
      - high oxidation resistance
      - good wear resistance
      - surface erosion resistance
    - - substrate not heated
      - velocity of particle important
    - - thermal spray
        
        flame powder
        
        parameters
        
        flae adjustment
        
        powder flow rate
        
        distance between nozzle
        
        substrate surface
        
        coating material move into spray nozzle
        
        gas flow
        
        gravity
        
        sprayed by oxyacetylene flame
        
        detonation powder
        
        materials exploded
        
        oxygen + ceramic
        
        4-8 times/second
        
        gas produced at high velocity
        
        hit substrate
        
        good coating
        
        rod
        
        oxyacetylene gas melts rod
        
        malted materials spray on substrate at high speed
        
        arc spraying
        
        formed by 2 wires
        
        molten end
        
        accelerated by gas stream
        
        dispersed
        
        electrical conductivity & ductile
        
        advantage
        
        double spraying capacity
        
        high bonding strength & adhesion
        
        larger compressive strength
        
        plasma powder
      - cold spray
        
        spraying
        
        substrate preparation
        
        spray coating to surface
        
        add water for better spray
        
        heat object for strong binding
        
        fine grinding
        
        1-250 mils obtain thickness
        
        troweling
        
        used in in accessible area
        
        provided by mixing
        
        sulphuric acid
        
        aluminium phosphate
        
        cating material + binder
        
        process
        
        put net on substrate for bonding
        
        coating plague is trowelling to surface
        
        let cool
        
        introduction
        
        solid state coating deposition
        
        deposited without high thermal loas
        
        low
        
        porosity
        
        oxygen content
        
        use remain solid state without melting
        
        advantage
        
        retain original feedstock
        
        prevent adverse influence
        
        thick coating
    - - helicopter turbine gas
      - manifold exhaust
      - former jet engine combustion