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TOPIC 29, They are adverbials which are not part of the basic structure of…
TOPIC 29
2A.COHESION
Halliday & Hasan Texture is made by cohesive ties.Cohesion refers to the diff.devices by which we link the diff.pats of a text.The rules of cohesion are usually linked to serve coherence.
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Grammatical cohesion
Reference
Ties of reference: posessive, demonstraives,comparativ, the definite article & pron.
Endophoric ref.: anaphoric or cataphoric.
Exophoric:outside the co-.
Substitution
Nominal: one, ones & same.
Verbal: do, have & be
Clausal: do, so, not"
Ellipsis
Nominal; after and or but. Verbal: Her husband smokes but she doesn't. Clausal: "Do you play tennis on Sunday?" Sometimes
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5.DEIXIS
Person Deixis.Identifies the interlocutors & other people in relation to them.2nd plural deictics show identification of group membership. You kids, You people.You for impersonal sentences.
Spatial Deixis. Locate the participants in the space. Demonstratives disting. between a location close to the speaker & away.
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Discourse D. Refer to pieces of information in the text.Clauses: exemples must be found in the following pages, phrases in the following lines ; adverbs Here we have..., demonstratives..
Social Deixis. Refers to the coail role or status of the paticipants in society by addresing them by their titles or vocatives. Mr, Mrs, Miss..., Dr,Officer...
2B.COHERENCE
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System constraints on comm. Use of opening & closing exp, back-channel & turnover signals & cooperative pple.
1.DISCOURSE ANALYSIS.
2.Text v.Discourse
Text is a theoretical construction revealed through discourse.
T. refers to the formal, material & structural elements of lang.
D. is the interactive,dynamic & functional aspect of lg.
1.Discourse. Chomsky "performance" & Saussure parole.Macro-stucture that allows a text to be built.
They are social and cultural determined.
3.D.Analysis studies the comm. functions a text can perform and how it is internally organised to express meaning.
4.Speech Acts form & function.
Austin distinguished.
-Locutionary Act.
-Illouctionary Act.
-Perlocutionary Act.
Searle 5 illocutionary acts.
-Comissive acts- e.g. a promise
-Declarative-e.g. weddings.
-Directive-e.g. a suggestion.
-Expressive.Exclamations.
-Representatives-A report
4A.CONJUNCTIONS
Larger than words sometimes called Conjunctive so that, as long as, as if..
words which 1. either join ling. units which are of the same rank: but, and or or. 2. or coordination or subordinating conjunctions which join an independt clause & a dependent one. Because,when, unless, that...
4B.CONNECTORS
-Closed.class adv.Nevertheless
-Open-class adv. Consequently
-Prepositional groups in other words..
-adjective groups Last of all...,
-Adverbial -finite clauses- that is to say...
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They are adverbials which are not part of the basic structure of a clause or a sent. Not tied to a fixed position unlike conjunctions.
These are words which specify & identify spatial, temporal, personal & textual entities from the perspective of the interlocutors in which the comm occurs.
Pronouns & demonstratives, Time & place adverbs, Some verbs of motion, Tenses.
Endophoric ref. the interpretative source of the implicit term lies within the co-text.Anaphora (backwards)& cataphora (forward)
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