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TOPIC 31: TEXT AND CONTEXT. TYPES OF TEXT. CRITERIA FOR THE TEXTUAL…
TOPIC 31: TEXT AND CONTEXT. TYPES OF TEXT. CRITERIA FOR THE TEXTUAL CLASSIFICATION. THE REGISTER
1. INTRODUCTION
: The traditional concern of linguistic analysis has been the construction of sentences but in recent years there has been an increasing interest in analyising the way setences work in sequence to produce coherent sketches of language. Following that interest, this topic will deal with a general approach to the notion of text as an idea closely related to context. This will lead us into considering a practical classification of texts and the main criteria operating for such classification. Finally, the last part of the topic will be devoted to the notion of register and how text, context and register relate to each other in a communicative situation.
3. TEXTUAL FEATURES AND TEXTUALITY.
TEXTUAL FEATURES
TIES
: the resources that English has for creating texture so as to contribute to its total unity by means of cohesive relations (reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion)
TEXTURE
: The basis for unity and semantic interdependence within a text.
TEXTUALITY:
The result of the interplay of the 7 standards of textuality
INTENTIONALITY
INTERTEXTUALITY
COHERENCE
ACCEPTABILITY
COHESION
INFORMATIVITY
SITUATIONALITY
4. CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTS.
A multi-level approach that takes into consideration both textual aspects and contextual elements
ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS
A type of discourse that departs from the assumption that the receiver's beliefs must be changed. They are related to the cognifive process of judging in answer to a problem, they support or weaken statements whose validity is questionable.
EXPOSITORY TEXTS
A type of discourse concerned with the explanation and analysis of a subject in a clear, detailed and organised way for the listener/ reader to have relevant information about a topic
DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS
A type of discourse concerned with the location of people and things in space
INSTRUCTIONAL TEXTS
A type of discourse where the encoder tells himself or others what to do. It is related to the cognitive process of planning and its style is constituted by action-demanding sentences in sequence.
NARRATIVE TEXTS
A type of discourse concerned with action, events in time and life in motion which answers to the question 'What happened?' in order to tell a story (Bal 1985)
OTHER TYPES
DIALOGICAL
They are not text on their own but an organization of a textual sequence of several speakers in a conversation frame
FICTIONAL
It refers to literature created from the imagination. (short stories, novels, sonnets, plays)
NON-FICTIONAL
It refers to literature based in fact. (News, reports, comments, regulations, etc)
2. TEXT AND CONTEXT
TEXT:
Halliday and Hassan (1976) 'any passage, spoken or written of whatever length, that does form a unified whole'
A text involves two kinds of evidence:
THE EXTERNAL: ALSO KNOWN AS THE CONTEXT
THE CONTEXT
: The intentions, assumptions and presuppositions of speakers and hearers, which guarantee that their discourse is perceived as coherent and therefore makes sense for the participants
Verbal Contexts
Intratextual Contex
Intertextual context
Non-verbal Contexts
Context of culture
Context of situation
THE INTERNAL
5. REGISTER.
A set of situational factors that influence variation in language. These situational factors must be distinguished from other permanent characteristics related to the language users such as dialects. As a semantic concept, it can also be defined as a configuration of meanings that are typically associated with a particular configuration of:
Mode:
The communication channel
Tenor:
Functional tenor:
The function that language tries to achieve
Personal tenor:
the formality determined by the relationship between speakers
Field of discourse
: There are terms which are typical of one particular subject
Types of register
Closed registers:
The total number of possible meanings is fixed and finite
Open Registers
: the range of the discourse is much less contrained