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Carbohydrate metabolism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ATP synthase uses 3 protons (H+) to convert ADP to ATP
        
        Complex 2, accepts electrons from FADH2 and these are transferred to FMN which further transfers them to Ubiquinone which is then reduced to Ubiquinol. This Ubiquinol transfers electrons to Cytochrome c present in Complex 3 which further transfers the electrons to Complex 4 and are used to convert oxygen into water.
        
        Thus 2 molecules of ATP are produced from FAD
        
        Unlike Complex 1, Complex 2 does not pump any protons outside and thus a total of 6 protons are pumped (2 pumped by Complex 3 and 4 pumped by Complex 4)
        
        10 H+ produced (4+2+4) will produce 3 ATP molecules. Thus, every NADH molecule will produce 3 ATP molecules.
      - In complex 4, this reduced cytochrome c oxidizes Oxygen to produce Water
        
        Pumps 4 protons
      - In complex 3, this Ubiquinol is oxidizes to Ubiquinone in turn reducing cytochrome c, which is another electron carrier
        
        Pumps 2 protons
      - In complex 1, NADH is oxidized to NAD, and the 2 electrons produced are used to reduce Flavin mononucleotide(FMN) which further transfers these electrons via Fe-S clusters eventually transferring it to an electron carrier called Ubiquinone(Q) which gets converted to Ubiquinol.
        
        Pumps 4 protons into the inner mitochondrial space (IMS)
        
        Ubiquinone is also called as Coenzyme Q10
      - 5 complexes spanning the inner membrane
        
        ATP synthase
        
        Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)
        
        Complex III (Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase or cytochrome reductase)
        
        Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase or NADH-Q oxidoreductase)
        
        Complex II (succinate oxidoreductase)
      - present on inner membrane of mitochondria
    - - Malate + NAD to oxaloacetate
        
        NADH generation
        
        Malate dehydrogenase
      - Fumarate to Malate
        
        Fumarase
      - Succinate + FAD to Fumarate
        
        Succinate dehydrogenase
        
        Present on the inner mitochondria membrane
        
        Also a part of Electron transport chain
        
        FADH2 generation which is used in electron transport chain
      - Succinyl CoA + GDP to Succinate
        
        Iron sulfur cluster
        
        Inorganic phosphate attacks Succinyl CoA thus providing energy for GTP generation and Succinate is produced
        
        GTP generation
        
        Succinyl CoA synthetase
      - α-Ketobutyrate +NAD +CoA to Succinyl CoA
        
        α-Ketobutyrate dehyrodgenase complex (very similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase)
        
        Cofactors
        
        NAD
        
        FAD
        
        Lipoic acid
        
        HSCoA
        
        Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
        
        Enzymes
        
        E3:Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
        
        E2:Dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase
        
        E1:α-Ketobutyrate dehydrogenase
        
        CO2 and NADH release
      - Isocitrate +NAD to α-Ketobutyrate
        
        Isocitrate dehydrogenase
        
        CO2 and NADH release
        
        Intermediate is Oxalosuccinate
      - Citrate to Isocitrate
        
        Aconitase
        
        Has 4 Iron sulfur clusters
        
        Intermediate is cis-Aconitate and is formed by dehydration of Citrate which is hydrated to form Isocitrate
      - 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, 6 CO2 obtained after TCA cycle
      - Occurs in mitochondria (inside the inner membrane i.e. matrix)
      - Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
        
        Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
        
        CO2 and NADH generated
        
        Enzymes
        
        E1:Pyruvate dehydrogenase
        
        E2:Dihydrolipoyl transacteylase
        
        E3:Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
        
        Cofactors
        
        Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
        
        HSCoA
        
        Lipoic acid
        
        FAD
        
        NAD
      - Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate to Citrate
        
        Citrate synthase
        
        Oxaloacetate binds to Citrate synthase and allows Acetyl CoA to bind which is followed by conversion into citrate
        
        Dimer
- - - - PEP carboxykinase
      - CO2 released
    - - Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
- - - - 6phosphoglucolactone dehydrogenase
      - NADPH
    - - Lactonase
    - - 6phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
      - CO2 and NADPH release
    - - Ribulose 5 phosphate to Ribose 5 phosphate
        
        Isomerase
      - Ribulose 5 phosphate to Xylulose 5 phosphate
        
        Epimerase
  - - - Transketolase which transfers 2 carbon
      - Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate(3C) produced can be used up for glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis
    - - Transaldolase which transfers 3 carbon
      - Fructose 6 phosphate(6C) produced can be used up for glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis
    - - Transketolase which transfers 2 carbon
      - Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate(3C) and Fructose 6 phosphate(6C) produced can be used up for glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis