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TYPES OF GRAMMAR, FARID - Coggle Diagram
TYPES OF GRAMMAR
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PRESCRIPTIVE
prescriptive grammar refers to a set of norms or rules governing how a language should or should not be used rather than describing the ways in which a language is actually used.
Prescriptive rules exist only to express a preference for one structure or usage or linguistic item over another
A prescriptive grammar will not contain rules that tell you to put articles before nouns, rather than after, because no native speakers of English put articles after nouns
prescriptive grammar usually refers to artificial rules imposed on a language community. These rules come in all shapes and sizes, but generally they come in a few major varieties.
A common prescriptive rule is by analogy with some other language, usually one with prestige. Historically, this has occurred in English with Classical Latin quite commonly. For example, ending a sentence with a preposition
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this rule is less rigorously applied today, in the past many have claimed that you should not end a sentence with a preposition, such as in “who did you arrest” This rule never existed in the English language. Instead, it was taken via analogy from Classical Latin.
A prescriptive grammar will not contain rules that tell you to put articles before nouns, rather than after, because no native speakers of English put articles after nouns
example, the proper use of “who”:
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Many will claim that only the sentence in “whom did you arrest?” is grammatically correct. This belief derives from an older version of English in which the nominative and accusative cases ,subject and object respectively were more important. Today these cases only persist in pronouns, and even there they are slowly dying off.
GENERATIVE
Generative grammar is a theory of grammar, first developed by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, that is based on the idea that all humans have an innate language capacity.
It is a theory of grammar that holds that human language is shaped by a set of basic principles that are part of the human brain.
Linguists who study generative grammar are not interested in prescriptive rules, they are interested in uncovering the foundational principles that guide all language production.
Accepts as a basic premise that native speakers of a language will find certain sentences grammatical or ungrammatical and that these judgments give insight into the rules governing the use of that language.
The main principle of generative grammar is that all humans are born with an innate capacity for language
Some believe, to the contrary, that all languages are learned and, therefore, based on certain constraints..
Proponents of the universal grammar argument believe that children, when they are very young, they are not exposed to enough linguistic information to learn the rules.
Grammaticality judgment task. This involves presenting a native speaker with a series of sentences and having them decide whether the sentences are grammatical (acceptable) or ungrammatical (unacceptable).
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AMIRUL
DESCRIPTIVE
Descriptive grammars lay out the grammatical elements and rules of a language as it is actually used
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An examination of how a language is actually being used, in writing and in speech
Examine the principles and patterns that underline the use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences
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