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Types of Grammars, :red_flag:A descriptive grammar therefore will specify…
Types of Grammars
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR :
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Helps people understand how language works in particular social functions (context of culture and context of situation)
Functional grammar focuses on the way language is put together so that meaning is communicated for particular purposes, and looks at a language as a system of meaning, while traditional grammar is concerned with the ways words are organized within sentences and looks at a language as a set of rules
Focuses on text as whole (text-types), analysing: 1)Field: What is going on in text? 2)Tenor: Roles, relationships and communications of the participant. 3)Mode: Channel of communication
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It is based on the relation between the structure of a language and the various functions that the language performs
GENERATIVE GRAMMAR
a linguistic theory of grammar that holds that human language is shaped by a set of basic principles that are part of the human brain (innate)
considers grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language
A generative parse tree: the sentence is divided into a noun phrase (subject), and a verb phrase which includes the object.
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PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
Example
- A prescriptive grammarian would reject ‘He goes...', meaning ‘He said', as incorrect language.
- might have explained that you should 'never end a sentence with a preposition' or that starting a sentence with a conjunction like 'And' or 'But' is a big no-no.
- Its taboo for grammarian to end your sentences with a preposition or starting a sentence with conjunction
Definition
- Set of norms or rules governing how a language should or should not be used
In prescriptive grammar, there is right and wrong language
A person who dictates how people should write or speak is called a prescriptivist or a prescriptive grammarian.
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Observation
Prescriptive grammarians are judgmental and attempt to change linguistic behavior of a particular sort and in a particular direction.
- Prescriptive grammar is taught in the schools and exercises a range of social effects.
- it is useful to raise learner awareness of differences between prescriptive grammars and use of language.
DESCRIPTIVE
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:check: Assumes that the only authority for what is exists in a language is what
its native speakers accept and understand as part of their language.
:check: Speakers of several different dialects of
English and appropriate in different registers for those dialects.
:check: 2.In English, demonstratives agree in number with the nouns they modify: that and this go
with singulars; those and these go with plurals.
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:check: 1. In English, the article precedes the noun and any adjectives modifying the noun.:
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:red_flag:A descriptive grammar therefore will specify many rules for structures in which no native
speaker will ever produce anything except a single form :
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