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TYPES OF GRAMMAR - Coggle Diagram
TYPES OF GRAMMAR
nur alyaa qamariah (17be01050)
Generative Grammar
:star: Generative Grammar is a linguistic theory that considers grammar to be a system of rules that is intended to generate those combinations of words which form grammatical sentences in a given language.
:star: Developed by Noam Chomsky in the late 1950s.
Principles
:star: All humans are born with an innate capacity for language and this capacity shapes rules for what is considered 'correct' grammar in a language. However, this idea is not accepted by all linguists because some of them believe to the contrary, that all languages are learned based on certain constraints.
:star: The proponents of the universal grammar believe that children, when they are very young, they are not exposed to enough linguistic information to learn rules of grammar. In fact, that children do learn the rules of grammar is proof.
Examples
The only 1 way to test the validity of 'theory competence' is called a
grammaticality judgment
task. A native speaker will decide whether the sentences are grammatical (acceptable) or ungrammatical (unacceptable)
For example:
:fire: The man is happy
:fire: Happy man is the
A native speaker would judge the first sentence to be acceptable and the second is unacceptable. From this, we can make assumptions about the ruled governing how parts of speech should be ordered in English sentences.
Descriptive
A set of rules about language based on how it is actually used
It describes how people actually use language
There is no wrong and right language in descriptive grammar
It only "ungrammatical" if speakers of the language cannot understand it
Used to study patterns in language as they actually appeared instead of using a set of rule
For example in a conversation: He goes... when it should be He says...
Another example: Hey, what's up?
This is considered as descriptively correct
As they can be understood of the speaker of language
It allows more flexible ideas of what language should be
It take into account of dialects and regional variants
Functional
A grammar that takes the language patterns together and the things you can do with them.
Example
Nominal group / verbal group / prepositional group
Her white cat / is playing with the toys / in the living room
A way of looking at grammar in
terms of how grammar is used
It simplifies the traditional grammar
In traditional grammar, the words are placed into its categories.
The categories are the 'parts of speech'
In functional grammar, it placed the words into groups
E.g: noun group
Developed by Michael Halliday (1960)
Prescriptive
:recycle:A set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language
:recycle:A rules about the structure of a language
:recycle:'prescribes' how speakers should use the language
:!!:Rules of “good” or “proper” usage, which dictate what is “good grammar” and what is “bad grammar”
:pencil2:Eg: She doesn't know him
-it is supposed to be "good"
:pencil2:Eg: She don't know him
-it is supposed to be "bad"
it is not part of standard English but it is part of some varieties/dialects of English
:bulb:Prescriptivism really emphasizes correct grammar and usage
:bulb:The clearer the translation, the better the patent will do in foreign markets.