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Major Nutrients - Coggle Diagram
Major Nutrients
Proteins
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They are composed of C, H, O, N and sometimes S and P
C is carbon, H is Hydrogen, O is Oxygen, N is Nitrogen, S is Sulfur and P is Phosphorus
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Polymers of amino acids, dipeptides and polypeptides
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Amino Acids include
NH2 Asparagine (Asn) is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.
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NH Glutamine (Glu) interorgan nitrogen exchange vis ammonis (NH3) transport between tissues and pH homeostasis.
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NH, Arginine (Arg) plays an important role in cell division, healing wounds and immune function.
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Primary Amino Acids
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Essential AA - Can’t be synthesised in the body, therefore they must be fed in the diet
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Denaturation of Proteins
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Certain agents can break these bonds, causing the shape of the protein to change, preventing the molecule from performing it’s biological function.
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Protein in the diet
Strictly speaking, it is Amino Acids that are required in the diet rather than protein
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Carbohydrates
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Chemistry
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C,H,O 1:2:1, but H and O always 2:1
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Classification
Monosaccharides
Sugars - Crystalline, sweet, dissolve in water
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Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose or heptose molecules (2,3,4,5,6 or 7 C)
Chemically, the preferred energy source in horses
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Oligosaccharides
Sugars - Crystalline, sweet, dissolve in water
Disaccharides, trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides (2,3 or 4 sugar units)
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Polysaccharides
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Occurs in chloroplasts, seeds, special structures (e.g. tubers) in gains
Cellulose
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In plant cell walls, microfibril arranged in overlapping layers
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Carbohydrates and horses
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Complexes structural CHOs (cellulose, hemicellulose) breakdown due to microflora/fauna in the hind gut and therefore take longer to absorb
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Most abundant NSPs - cellulose, hemicellulose
Cellulose VS Starch
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Hemicellulose - polymers of D-glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, joined via a variety of links
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Hemicellulose - polymers of D-glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, joined via a variety of links
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Lipids aka fats
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Fatty acids
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Fatty acids are made up
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Palmitic acid, Oleic acid and Stearic acid are examples of FA’s
Biosynthesis of FA’s
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This process is the conversion of excess dietary CHO (in the form of acetyl CoA), deaminated amino acids, etc.
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Lipid Catabolism
What does catabolism mean? Catabolism is a destructive metabolism which is the breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones, with the release of energy.
Glycerol is broken down to a 3C sugar (CHO) and then either broken down to produce energy, or built up into glycogen and stored.
Glycogen is the principal animal energy storage CHO Molecule which is the storage of glucose (energy). Highly branched polysaccharide constructed from monomers of glucose.
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Steroids
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Steroids structure consists of C atoms arranged in interlocking rings with H molecules and side chains determining their physical role
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the precursor for biosynthesis of hormones, bile acids and Vitamin D
Formed mainly in liver, needed to build and maintain cell membranes
OH groups interacts with polar heads of phospholipids → reduces permeability of membrane to neural solutions, protons, sodium ions
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Fats and horses
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Certain types of horse benefit from supplemental fat (10-30%) e.g. vegetable oil, soya oil, corn oil
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Omega 6 oil, omega 3 oil and rice bran could be added to a horse’s diet to provide additional fat
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