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Major Nutrients - Coggle Diagram

- - - - C is carbon, H is Hydrogen, O is Oxygen, N is Nitrogen, S is Sulfur and P is Phosphorus
  - - - Polypeptides form long chains running parallel to each other.
      - These chains are linked by disulphide cross bridges – making the proteins very stable and strong.
      - Fibrous proteins have Structural functions
        
        Collagen which is found in bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments for tensile strength.
    - - Molecule forms a coiled shape (globule).
      - Molecule forms a coiled shape (globule).
      - Only hydrophilic groups are exposed outside the molecule so globular proteins are soluble.
      - Globular proteins have roles in metabolic reactions
        
        Insulin which helps regulate the blood glucose level.
  - - - Covalent bonds
      - Electrostatic interactions
      - Hydrophobic bonds Van der Waals Forces
    - - Alzheimer’s
      - Parkinson’s
      - Mad Cow Disease
      - Are examples of conditions caused by an accumulation of mis- folded proteins
  - - - Alfalfa - total crude protein: 12-14% and Lysine: 0.7%
      - Sugar beet - total crude protein: 9% and Lysine: 2.4%
      - Oats - total crude protein: 12.1% and Lysine: 0.51%
      - Conditioning Cubes - total crude protein: 13.5% and Lysine: 0.66%
      - Horse & Pony Nuts - total crude protein: 10% and Lysine: 0.45%
      - Meadow Hay - total crude protein: 8.8% and Lysine: 0.3%
      - Legume Hay - total crude protein: 20% and Lysine: 0.7%
- - - - Sugars - Crystalline, sweet, dissolve in water
        
        3-7 carbon © atoms in a chain or ring structure
        
        Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose or heptose molecules (2,3,4,5,6 or 7 C)
        
        Chemically, the preferred energy source in horses
        
        Large diversity in structure
        
        Possible because of C properties
    - - Sugars - Crystalline, sweet, dissolve in water
        
        Disaccharides, trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides (2,3 or 4 sugar units)
        
        Intermediate stage of synthesis or digestion of polysaccharides
        
        Located in most plant materials
    - - Not sugars
        
        Complex carbohydrates macromolecules
        
        Polymers of monosaccharides
        
        Repeated sequence of monosaccharides
        
        Simple chain or more complex branched chain structures
        
        Do not dissolve (unlight sugars)
        
        Used for energy storage or structural materials
        
        Can accumulate in the body without affecting normal metabolism
      - Starch - plant polysaccharide used for energy storage
        
        Cellulose - Used structurally
        
        Glycogen - animal polysaccharide used for storage
        
        Main food storage molecule in plants
        
        Helical structure
        
        Occurs in chloroplasts, seeds, special structures (e.g. tubers) in gains
- - - - Carboxyl Group
      - Fatty Acids
      - Hydrocarbon tails
      - C16-C18 FA most common
      - Properties largely determined by hydrocarbon chains
      - Palmitic acid, Oleic acid and Stearic acid are examples of FA’s
    - - FA’s are mostly produced in the liver during lipogenesis
      - This process is the conversion of excess dietary CHO (in the form of acetyl CoA), deaminated amino acids, etc.
      - Facilitated by fatty acid synthase (enzyme).
      - Palmitic acid synthesised as intermediary - and is then modified to form all other FA’s required.
    - - Neutral Fats are comprised of 2 subunits:
        
        Glycerol backbone
        
        Fatty Acid tails
      - They form structures known as:
        
        Monoglycerides
        
        Diglycerides
        
        Triglycerides
        
        Alcohol
        
        Glycerol
        
        Glycerol has 3 hydroxyl groups, so the lipid formed is called a triglyceride.
        
        Triglycerides are nonpolar - This means that the molecules do not form hydrogen bonds, so do not dissolve in water.
        
        Because lipids are not as dense as water, they float.
      - Formation of a Neutral Fat
        
        Uses acyl transferase
        
        This process adds FA to glycerol (with a condensation reaction)
        
        This forms a triglyceride
    - - What does catabolism mean? Catabolism is a destructive metabolism which is the breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones, with the release of energy.
      - Glycerol is broken down to a 3C sugar (CHO) and then either broken down to produce energy, or built up into glycogen and stored.
      - Glycogen is the principal animal energy storage CHO Molecule which is the storage of glucose (energy). Highly branched polysaccharide constructed from monomers of glucose.
    - - Important components of plasma membrane surrounding cells
      - Similar structure to triglycerides but one FA group replaced by phosphate group
      - This means they have a Polar head and Nonpolar tails
    - - Steroids serve as base molecules for the bonding of FA’s as such they are biologically important
      - Examples
        
        Cholesterol
        
        Bile salts
        
        Hormones
      - They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
      - Steroids structure consists of C atoms arranged in interlocking rings with H molecules and side chains determining their physical role
    - - Cholesterol is the precursor for biosynthesis of hormones, bile acids and Vitamin D
      - Formed mainly in liver, needed to build and maintain cell membranes
      - OH groups interacts with polar heads of phospholipids → reduces permeability of membrane to neural solutions, protons, sodium ions
    - - Waxes comprise of long chain fatty alcohols with long chain fatty acids bonded together.
      - They provide waterproof layer