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HSP3U: Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology - Coggle…

- - - - Jane Goodall
        
        Primatologist
        
        Studied wild chimpanzees; found similar social behaviours to humans, as well as creating tools and cooking food.
      - Louis Leakey
        
        Practiced ethnography with primates, focusing on the shared traits; explaining natural and biological parts of human culture.
        
        Primatologist
        
        Believed humans share similar behaviours and traits with primates
        
        Facial expressions, body language, hierarchies, and distributing resources.
    - - Cultural Materialism
        
        Influenced by Karl Marx
        
        Society is based on trial-and-error
        
        If an aspect had little importance, it would disappear; institutions have importance.
      - Feminist Anthropology
        
        Included women in research
        
        Compared many cultures to see the ways gender roles were assigned.
      - Cultural Relativism
        
        Each culture has its own set of rules.
        
        You cannot view a different culture with another's set of rules
        
        Limits misjudgement
      - Postmodernism
        
        Believes you cannot research subjects from a distant perspective.
        
        Rejects objective truth and deconstructs societal beliefs.
      - Functionalism
        
        Every act or behaviour fulfills a need for the individuals within a culture.
        
        Satisfying needs of the individuals creates a successful culture.
    - - Physical Anthropology
        
        Study of human evolution
        
        Looks at primates, fossils, language, and tools to see changes in development and behaviour.
      - Cultural Anthropology
        
        Study of culture.
        
        Looks at ancient civilizations, non-human primates, and today's world.
    - - Primatology
        
        Study of primates
        
        Humans and primates are social creatures who behave similarly, making primates examples of how humans behaved within the early societies.
      - Body Language
        
        Physical anthropology
        
        Communicates emotions through body movements and facial expressions.
      - Gender
        
        Gender roles and power within cultures change.
        
        Neutral language benefits gender-non-conforming and transgender individuals. Non-gendered languages are ideal.
        
        Amount of genders change depending on the society and culture you live in.
      - Linguistic Relativism
        
        Language influences your world view.
        
        Believed you cannot interpret everything the same in another language.
        
        Gendered vs. non-gendered languages; discriminatory against transgender and/or gender-non-conforming individuals.
      - Rites of Passage
        
        Ceremonial celebration that symbolize a transitional period in someone's life (age, religion, relationships). Creates a change in the individuals role and status within society.
        
        Three Stages
        
        Separation: symbolically detaches from old life from before.
        
        Transition: the ceremony or celebration.
        
        Incorporation: re-entering, feeling a change in their life.
- - - - Science based on researching and studing society, social relationships, and individuals within the society.
    - - Information Bias
        
        Includes observation, recall, and confirmation bias.
        
        Bias can come from measurement error.
      - Selection Bias
        
        Researchers selecting their samples may choose subjects based off a bias.
    - - Observations
        
        Researchers witness natural behaviour and actions
        
        Researchers do not interact with the subjects and do not manipulate the variables.
      - Experiments
        
        Examines independent and dependent variables in a controlled setting.
        
        Proves cause and effect or correlation between the variables.
        
        Researchers can manipulate the independent variable to prove their hypothesis.
      - Surveys & Interviews
        
        Surveys allow for larger sample sizes and forms graphs using the results.
        
        Interviews call for direct communication with the research subjects and allow the researcher to manipulate or change the questions for each subject.
- - - - Changing a part of your mind in order to fit in society
      - Can be forced to conform by others or conformed by observing
      - Teachers what is socially acceptable behaviour
    - - Free Will
        
        Ability to Choose
        
        Self Determination
        
        Can choose own behaviour and actions
      - Determinism
        
        Acting or behaving in a certain way
        
        Having no control/forced actions
    - - Carl Jung categorized personality into categories.
        
        Introversion, extroversion.
        
        Thinking, feelings, sensations, intuition.
      - Nature vs. nurture.
      - Behaviourism: motivation, attitude, social thinking, mental health
  - - - Created id, ego, and superego to explain human behaviour
      - Studied dreams and the meaning of dreams
    - - Created the hierarchy of needs. Later made into the extended hierarchy of needs.
      - Studied of motivation and its influence of behaviour/decisions.
    - - Operant conditioning.
      - Taught a dog to ring a bell to ask for food (taught an action).
    - - Cognitive development theory: children move through 4 stages of mental development.
      - Four stages: sensimotor (birth to 24 months), preoperational (2 to 7 years), concrete operational (7 to 11 years), formal operation (12+).
    - - Classical conditioning.
      - Taught a dog to expect food when a bell was rung (taught a behaviour).
    - - The Milgram Obedience Experiment
      - Experiment based on obedience and conformity; how well will the subjects submit to harming others?
  - - - Most aspects were proven to be incorrect.
      - First school of thought and created the concept of psychology.
      - Conscious vs. unconscious mind.
      - Disproven theories: oedipus complex, penis envy, castration anxiety.
    - - Operant conditioning: voluntary.
        
        Positive/negative reinforcement.
        
        Positive/negative punishments.
      - Classical conditioning: involuntary.
    - - The client centred model.
      - Tend to look at client's growth.
      - Focuses on individuals and therapy to help them understand their behaviours.
    - - Overlaps with behaviourism and developmental psychology because of the focus on the mind.
      - Mental processes of brain are studied; thought patterns, motivation.
    - - Childhood trauma and its affects later in adulthood.
      - MRIs are used to see changes in the brain.
      - Focuses on how people develop and grow over time.
- - - - Conflict Theory
        
        Founded by Karl Marx while he created Marxism.
        
        Conflicts over resources, many theorists focusing on money.
        
        People with more resources gain more control in society and use institutions to their advantage (government).
      - Feminist Sociology
        
        Redefined as Intersectionalist feminism
        
        Study of class, race, gender, and LGBT+.
        
        Focuses on gender and the impact it has in regards to power in a society.
      - Structural Functionalism
        
        Every aspect within a society is structure so it functions.
        
        Example: schools exist to educate children on how to function in society.
      - Symbolic Interactionism
        
        Micro-sociology theory.
        
        Symbols influence our behaviour in society (words, images).
        
        Labels (status, roles) put on people change behaviour.
    - - Robert Merton
        
        Believed unequal societies lean towards deviance, leading to crime
        
        Contradicts Beccaria's beliefs on punishments
      - Auguste Comte
        
        Father of sociology
        
        First to study crime in sociology
      - Emile Durkheim
        
        Studied deviance, how and why people deviate.
        
        Structural Functionalist.
        
        Defined anomie: how far people deviate from social norms.
      - Cesare Beccaria
        
        Father of criminology
        
        Influential for criminal justice development during the 1800s
        
        Famous four arguments: everyone has free will, benefits and costs of crime are assessed, punishments increase cost of crimes, and punishments are effective if harsh and quick.
    - - Macro-sociology: studies whole societies and institutions (cultures, religion, government).
      - Micro-sociology: Focuses on smaller groups within a society (subcultures, friend groups).
    - - Role Theory
        
        Four types of status; status (position within a society), ascribed (given), achieved (earned), master (most important status.
        
        Role is based on status, listing your power and influence.
      - Socialization
        
        Process in which norms and values within a society are taught.
        
        Primary Socialization: basic skills needed to survive (language, eating habits).
        
        Secondary Socialization: behaviour (roles, actions).
        
        Anticipatory Socialization: learning to behave in a new situation (new parent, first-year university student).
        
        Resocialization: changing only habits and behaviours into being socially acceptable and learning new beliefs.
      - Social Identity
        
        Identity is created from society surrounding you by comparing yourself to others within the same society.
        
        Changes based on which group you are in; every group has a different set of norms and behaviours.
      - Criminology
        
        Study of crime in society.
        
        Punishment or rehabilitation is used as a way to help prevent crime.
        
        Uses laws to control behaviour.