HSP3U: Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology
Anthropology
Research Methods
Psychology
Sociology
click to edit
Major Topics
Key Theorists
Schools of Thought
Psychodynamic Theory
Behavioral Psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Overlaps with behaviourism and developmental psychology because of the focus on the mind.
Mental processes of brain are studied; thought patterns, motivation.
Childhood trauma and its affects later in adulthood.
MRIs are used to see changes in the brain.
Focuses on how people develop and grow over time.
Operant conditioning: voluntary.
Classical conditioning: involuntary.
The client centred model.
Tend to look at client's growth.
Focuses on individuals and therapy to help them understand their behaviours.
Most aspects were proven to be incorrect.
First school of thought and created the concept of psychology.
Sigmund Freud
Abraham Maslow
B.F. Skinner
Social Psychology & Conformity
Determinism vs Free Will
Schools of Thought
Key Theorists
What is Sociology
What is Psychology?
Jean Piaget
Ivan Pavlov
Stanley Milgram
Personal Identity
click to edit
Social Science
Sources of Bias
Major Topics
Role Theory
Socialization
Social Identity
Criminology
Robert Merton
Auguste Comte
Emile Durkheim
Cesare Beccaria
Conflict Theory
Feminist Sociology
Structural Functionalism
Symbolic Interactionism
click to edit
Key Theorists
Schools of Thought
What is Anthropology?
Major Topics
Jane Goodall
Louis Leakey
Cultural Materialism
Feminist Anthropology
Cultural Relativism
Postmodernism
Functionalism
Primatology
Body Language
Gender
Linguistic Relativism
Rites of Passage
Free Will
Determinism
Changing a part of your mind in order to fit in society
Can be forced to conform by others or conformed by observing
Acting or behaving in a certain way
Having no control/forced actions
Ability to Choose
Self Determination
Can choose own behaviour and actions
Research Methods
Observations
Experiments
Surveys & Interviews
Science based on researching and studing society, social relationships, and individuals within the society.
Information Bias
Selection Bias
Researchers selecting their samples may choose subjects based off a bias.
Includes observation, recall, and confirmation bias.
Bias can come from measurement error.
Surveys allow for larger sample sizes and forms graphs using the results.
Interviews call for direct communication with the research subjects and allow the researcher to manipulate or change the questions for each subject.
Researchers witness natural behaviour and actions
Researchers do not interact with the subjects and do not manipulate the variables.
Examines independent and dependent variables in a controlled setting.
Proves cause and effect or correlation between the variables.
Researchers can manipulate the independent variable to prove their hypothesis.
Physical Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Study of human evolution
Looks at primates, fossils, language, and tools to see changes in development and behaviour.
Study of culture.
Looks at ancient civilizations, non-human primates, and today's world.
Primatologist
Studied wild chimpanzees; found similar social behaviours to humans, as well as creating tools and cooking food.
Practiced ethnography with primates, focusing on the shared traits; explaining natural and biological parts of human culture.
Primatologist
Believed humans share similar behaviours and traits with primates
Facial expressions, body language, hierarchies, and distributing resources.
Study of primates
Humans and primates are social creatures who behave similarly, making primates examples of how humans behaved within the early societies.
Physical anthropology
Communicates emotions through body movements and facial expressions.
Gender roles and power within cultures change.
Neutral language benefits gender-non-conforming and transgender individuals. Non-gendered languages are ideal.
Amount of genders change depending on the society and culture you live in.
Language influences your world view.
Believed you cannot interpret everything the same in another language.
Gendered vs. non-gendered languages; discriminatory against transgender and/or gender-non-conforming individuals.
Ceremonial celebration that symbolize a transitional period in someone's life (age, religion, relationships). Creates a change in the individuals role and status within society.
Three Stages
Separation: symbolically detaches from old life from before.
Transition: the ceremony or celebration.
Incorporation: re-entering, feeling a change in their life.
Every act or behaviour fulfills a need for the individuals within a culture.
Satisfying needs of the individuals creates a successful culture.
Each culture has its own set of rules.
You cannot view a different culture with another's set of rules
Limits misjudgement
Influenced by Karl Marx
Society is based on trial-and-error
If an aspect had little importance, it would disappear; institutions have importance.
Believes you cannot research subjects from a distant perspective.
Rejects objective truth and deconstructs societal beliefs.
Included women in research
Compared many cultures to see the ways gender roles were assigned.
Macro-sociology: studies whole societies and institutions (cultures, religion, government).
Micro-sociology: Focuses on smaller groups within a society (subcultures, friend groups).
Studied deviance, how and why people deviate.
Structural Functionalist.
Defined anomie: how far people deviate from social norms.
Father of sociology
First to study crime in sociology
Believed unequal societies lean towards deviance, leading to crime
Contradicts Beccaria's beliefs on punishments
Father of criminology
Influential for criminal justice development during the 1800s
Famous four arguments: everyone has free will, benefits and costs of crime are assessed, punishments increase cost of crimes, and punishments are effective if harsh and quick.
Identity is created from society surrounding you by comparing yourself to others within the same society.
Changes based on which group you are in; every group has a different set of norms and behaviours.
Process in which norms and values within a society are taught.
Primary Socialization: basic skills needed to survive (language, eating habits).
Secondary Socialization: behaviour (roles, actions).
Anticipatory Socialization: learning to behave in a new situation (new parent, first-year university student).
Resocialization: changing only habits and behaviours into being socially acceptable and learning new beliefs.
Four types of status; status (position within a society), ascribed (given), achieved (earned), master (most important status.
Role is based on status, listing your power and influence.
Study of crime in society.
Punishment or rehabilitation is used as a way to help prevent crime.
Uses laws to control behaviour.
Every aspect within a society is structure so it functions.
Example: schools exist to educate children on how to function in society.
Founded by Karl Marx while he created Marxism.
Conflicts over resources, many theorists focusing on money.
People with more resources gain more control in society and use institutions to their advantage (government).
Redefined as Intersectionalist feminism
Study of class, race, gender, and LGBT+.
Focuses on gender and the impact it has in regards to power in a society.
Micro-sociology theory.
Symbols influence our behaviour in society (words, images).
Labels (status, roles) put on people change behaviour.
Carl Jung categorized personality into categories.
Science that studies the brain and behaviour of an individual
Created id, ego, and superego to explain human behaviour
Conscious vs. unconscious mind.
Disproven theories: oedipus complex, penis envy, castration anxiety.
Positive/negative reinforcement.
Positive/negative punishments.
Studied dreams and the meaning of dreams
Operant conditioning.
Taught a dog to ring a bell to ask for food (taught an action).
Classical conditioning.
Taught a dog to expect food when a bell was rung (taught a behaviour).
Created the hierarchy of needs. Later made into the extended hierarchy of needs.
Studied of motivation and its influence of behaviour/decisions.
Cognitive development theory: children move through 4 stages of mental development.
Four stages: sensimotor (birth to 24 months), preoperational (2 to 7 years), concrete operational (7 to 11 years), formal operation (12+).
The Milgram Obedience Experiment
Experiment based on obedience and conformity; how well will the subjects submit to harming others?
Nature vs. nurture.
Behaviourism: motivation, attitude, social thinking, mental health
Introversion, extroversion.
Thinking, feelings, sensations, intuition.
Teachers what is socially acceptable behaviour