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Chapter 21 - Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - restored Bourbon monarchy fro Louis XVIII, went to congress in Vienna in September 1814 for peace settlement
        
        Prince Klemens von Metternich was leader of Austria congress, conceited, experienced diplomat
    - - ignored in other places so Prussia and Austria kept some Polish territory (was originally under Russia's control), Prussia received two-fifths of Saxony, kingdom of Westphalia, and west of the rhine river, Austria got two northern Italian provinces, Lombardy and Venetia
    - - congress was scared that france would upset peace so enlarged netherlands and southeast Piedmont + made defensive barriers, prussia got territory over east bank of Rhine, new league of German states (Germanic Confederation) to replace Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine
        
        napoleons escape from elba + hundred days war delayed negotiations, punished the french for celebrating his arrival by pushing borders back to to those of 1790, ppl forced to pay indemnity and occupy army of choice for 5 years
  - - - Metternich had ideology for conservatism within europe
        
        Edmund Burke wrote about his conservatism and advised against violence against governement but wasnt completely against change in it.
        
        Joseph de Maistre was a spokesman for a
        counterrevolutionary and authoritarian conservatism and encouraged restoration of hereditary monarchy so france could be balanced
        
        all conservationists favored obedience to political authority, believed that organized religion was crucial to social order, hated revolutionary upheavals, and were unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties and representative governments/nationalistic aspirations
        
        (1815) political philosophy of conservatism was sup-
        ported by hereditary monarchs, government bureaucracy, landowning aristocracies, and revived churches
- - - - Thomas Malthus: when pop. unchecked many ppl can die/suffer, David Ricardo: increase of pop. = more workers = less wages
      - political liberalism wanted civil liberties or the basic rights of all people (equality before the law; freedom of assembly, speech, and press; and freedom from arbitrary arrest), wanted separation of church and state, constitutional monarchy or constitutional state with limits on the powers of government, ministerial responsibility, which would give the legislative branch a check on power of executive, John Stuart Mill: protect ppl from government censorship and the tyranny of the majority + womens rights
- - - - two groups made, The Party of Movement, led by Adolphe
        Thiers that favored ministerial responsibility, the pursuit of an active foreign policy, and limited expansion of the franchise, and the Party of Resistance led by Francois Guizot who thought france had perfect government and needed no further institutional changes
  - - - Reform Act of 1832 showed the changes the industrial revolution brought (disenfranchised fifty-six rotten boroughs and enfranchised forty-two new towns/cities), qualification for voting was retained, and it only benefited upper middle class (lower middle class, artisans, and industrial workers still had no vote)
        
        Poor Law of 1834 based on aiding poor and unemployed only encouraged laziness and increased the number of paupers, tried to make paupers so wretched they would choose to work. Anti–Corn Law League in 1838 lowered bread prices for workers, would aid the industrial middle classes (favored the principles of free trade)
  - - - split between moderate and radical republicans, 500 seats for moderate republicans 300 for avowed monarchists 100 for radicals, working class had revolt for unemployment for 4 days and were crushed, new constitution (November 4, 1848) had established the Second Republic with a unicameral legislature of 750 elected by universal male suffrage for 3 years +president, also elected by universal male suffrage, for 4 years