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Explanations of Impulse Control Disorders and Non-substance addictive…
Explanations of Impulse Control Disorders and Non-substance addictive disorder
Biochemical: Dopamine
When person engages in behaviour such as stealing, gambling, etc.
The reward centre is stimulated to release dopamine
When behaviour becomes compulsive, the person develops tolerance
A deficiency in dopamine leads to continuation of compulsive behaviour because of 'Reward deficiency syndrome' (Cummings and Blum, 2000)
Levels of dopamine decrease in striatum (controls reward and behaviour)
Evidence
Symptoms of gambling disorder and compulsive shopping start by the use of dopamine drugs
Kleptomania is a side effect of using synthetic dopamine for treatment of Parkinson's disease
Behavioural: Positive Reinforcement
Repeating behaviour in order to achieve more reward
Eg: keep on gambling with hopes to win money acts as the positive reinforcer
Operant conditioning: Learnt behaviour is a result of previous trials
'Schedules of Reinforcement'
There is partial positive reinforcement as the person doesn't receive a reward every time
They don't feel fully satisfied, so they keep on playing in the hopes that they will be rewarded the next time.
Cognitive: Feeling-State Theory (Miller 2010)
Feeling states are the thoughts, sensations and emotions, in relation to an event
Intense desire + Intense Positive Experience = Feeling State/State-dependent memory
Feeling states are created by an intense desire to do an activity, the positive experience associated with it and the memory of the behaviour
Pyromaniac who has feeling state ‘ I am powerful’ combined with positive emotions, physiological arousal and memory of setting fire leads to compulsions of fire - setting behaviour
Feeling states are caused by underlying negative thoughts or experiences. Eg: pyromaniac may have negative thought that 'I am weak/a loser'
When they set things on fire, they start to feel that they are powerful/a winner. This causes intense desire and positive experience
When behaviour becomes compulsive, further negative beliefs occur like: 'I mess everything up'