28 LINGUISTIC MACROFUNCTIONS TO EXPRESS THE MOST COMMON COMMUNICATIVE INTENTIONS: TO ESTABLISH AND KEEP SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. TO GIVE AND ASK FOR INFORMATION ABOUT THINGS, PEOPLE AND ACTIONS. TO EXPRESS INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL ATTITUDES

Language as communication

Halliday: Language is an instrument of social interaction with a clear communicative purpose

The functions of language

Bühler

Roman Jakobson

Malinowski

Pragmatic

Magical

Conative Language: oriented towards the addressee

Representational Language: oriented towards the rest of the reality

Expressive Language: oriented towards the self

Conative function: language is used to produce an answer in the addressee

Poetic function: oriented towards the form of the message

Expressive function: language is used to express the addresser's feelings

Metalinguistic function: language is used to refer to itself

Phatic function: language is used to establish and maintain personal relationships

Referential function: language is used to convey information about the context

Halliday's macrofunctions

Interpersonal function: we represent ourselves to other people

Textual function: language as an instrument to form texts

Ideational function: we represent the world to ourselves

Linguistic exponents for socializing: initiating and maintaining social relationships: social functions

Linguistic exponents necessary for asking and giving information

Offering, inviting and thanking

Meeting people

Permission

Proposing a toast

Conversations: Beginning and ending a conversation

Speaking on the phone

Attracting attention

Suggestions

Apologizing

Advising

Writing a letter or an e-mail

Asking for advice

Giving advice

Refusing

Accepting

Regretting

Greeting people

Seasonal greetings

Introducing people and being introduced

Farewells

Asking for permission

Giving permission

Refusing permission

Asking for suggestions

Giving suggestions

Expressing obligation

Expressing opinion

Expressing agreement and disagreement

Expressing preferences

Expressing ability

Expressing probability

Asking for clarification

Asking for opinion

Giving opinion

Linguistic exponents for expressing the emotions and attitudes of the speaker

Expressing desire/wish

Expressing approval or disapproval

Expressing intentions

Expletives

Expressing likes/dislikes

Expressing feelings: anger, concern, worry, fear, surprise, indifference, hope, sadness, regret, condolences