28 LINGUISTIC MACROFUNCTIONS TO EXPRESS THE MOST COMMON COMMUNICATIVE INTENTIONS: TO ESTABLISH AND KEEP SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. TO GIVE AND ASK FOR INFORMATION ABOUT THINGS, PEOPLE AND ACTIONS. TO EXPRESS INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL ATTITUDES
Language as communication
Halliday: Language is an instrument of social interaction with a clear communicative purpose
The functions of language
Bühler
Roman Jakobson
Malinowski
Pragmatic
Magical
Conative Language: oriented towards the addressee
Representational Language: oriented towards the rest of the reality
Expressive Language: oriented towards the self
Conative function: language is used to produce an answer in the addressee
Poetic function: oriented towards the form of the message
Expressive function: language is used to express the addresser's feelings
Metalinguistic function: language is used to refer to itself
Phatic function: language is used to establish and maintain personal relationships
Referential function: language is used to convey information about the context
Halliday's macrofunctions
Interpersonal function: we represent ourselves to other people
Textual function: language as an instrument to form texts
Ideational function: we represent the world to ourselves
Linguistic exponents for socializing: initiating and maintaining social relationships: social functions
Linguistic exponents necessary for asking and giving information
Offering, inviting and thanking
Meeting people
Permission
Proposing a toast
Conversations: Beginning and ending a conversation
Speaking on the phone
Attracting attention
Suggestions
Apologizing
Advising
Writing a letter or an e-mail
Asking for advice
Giving advice
Refusing
Accepting
Regretting
Greeting people
Seasonal greetings
Introducing people and being introduced
Farewells
Asking for permission
Giving permission
Refusing permission
Asking for suggestions
Giving suggestions
Expressing obligation
Expressing opinion
Expressing agreement and disagreement
Expressing preferences
Expressing ability
Expressing probability
Asking for clarification
Asking for opinion
Giving opinion
Linguistic exponents for expressing the emotions and attitudes of the speaker
Expressing desire/wish
Expressing approval or disapproval
Expressing intentions
Expletives
Expressing likes/dislikes
Expressing feelings: anger, concern, worry, fear, surprise, indifference, hope, sadness, regret, condolences