Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
TOPIC 8: POLICY EVALUATION, GROUP MEMBER - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 8: POLICY EVALUATION
DEFINITION
Involves the estimation, appraisal, or assessment of a policy, its content, implementation, goal attainment, and other effects.
(Anderson, 2011,p.271)
WHAT ASPECTS OF POLICY TO EVALUATE ?
EVALUATING POLICY IMPACT
assume that the agency have implemented a policy, achieved its objectives and its intended result on the target group, then, what happened to the society, nation and state at large
impacts are the externalities from the successful/unsuccessful policy implementation whether it is positive/negative, direct/indirect
the effects from output and outcome towards the society and state
EVALUATING POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
evaluating the means of by which a policy is delivered to target group or the way a program is implemented
they have to assess the clients' satisfaction and program activities
they seek to identify the management problems if there is any
EVALUATING POLICY OUTCOMES
result from policy implementation by the agency
the questions are being asked
what happened to the public once the policy has been implemented, has it achieved the target and has the public problem resolved?
who gets the benefit, directly or indirectly from the implemented policy?
who bears the costs and expenses incurred to comply with policy requirement?
EVALUATING POLICY SUCCESSFUL / FAILURE FACTORS
assessing the impact on the original problems which have been addressed by the program or policy
policy evaluation may also seek to identify critical factors of success or failure so remedial actions can be made
EVALUATING POLICY OUTPUT
to assess who or which department is involved in the policy implementation
to assess what do they do based on their roles and functions to pertain a particular policy implementation
agencies establish to implement new policy
HOW TO EVALUATE POLICY ?
Administrative (operational) technique
Evaluating the interrelated process, procedures, rules, resources involved in policy implementation.
Purpose is to ensure efficiency, transparency and accountability in implementation.
For Example:
overlapping roles/function in implementing policy A with other policy program/activities
ethical issues arise in implementing policy, honesty, integrity, and corruption
Systematic technique
Policy is evaluated through scientific research, by the relevant group / agencies that involve directly and indirectly in the implementation process.
For example:
case study, survey design, experimental design, before and after study.
Cost Benefit Analysis technique
A formal, quantitative evaluation technique
Identify and weigh costs against benefits of policy or program
For example:
Cleaner environment program -- the costs involve (opportunity cost) and benefits are generated and compared
CBA Process
Step 1: analyze costs
Step 2: analyze benefits
Step 3: Assign monetary values (RM) to the various cost & benefits
Step 4: Allocate discount rate to equate present value for future effects
Step 5: Compare overall cost and benefits
Step 6: Decide option that maximize benefits/minimize costs
Institutional technique
Evaluation is done by the various governmental and non-governmental agencies base on their given (accepted) roles / functions such as Parliament, Ministries, and Special Committees.
Purpose is to evaluate the behavior of the policy implementors, hence to achieved policy efficiency and effectiveness
Example of institutions appointed by government for the purpose are:
Public Accounts Committee (evaluate the administration and management of public money)
Ombudsman (investigate allegations of maladministration to ensure public accountability –
example – work delay)
Media and interest group – to give feedback and suggestion to further improve policy achievement / overcome implementation problems/constraints
PURPOSE OF POLICY EVALUATION
2. To access policy consequences
Who get benefits?
Bear cost directly and indirectly.
3. To suggest policy recommendation
To find out whether the policy is necessary,
valid and efficient etc
1. To access policy achievement
To check the policy effects in general
or of the respective ministries/department
4. To suggest to stop implementing policy
To find out whether the policy is still relevant.
PROBLEMS/CONSTRAINTS OF POLICY EVALUATION
OBJECTIVES
policy objectives are not stated objectively/ not measurable/ not rank
If objectives are unclear or are not specified in any measurable form , the criteria for policy success are also unclear
DEFINING CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS
criteria for policy success not clearly defined
Even if objectives are clearly stated, the questions of how the success of the objectives is to be judged or measured would arise
SIDE EFFECTS
There is always a side effects from a policy that
would effects the success
A policy under evaluation may be impacted
by other programs/ policies
Thus is may be difficult to identify
the side-effects of any one program
or policy
DATA PROBLEMS
Accurate and reliable data is required to measure success / failure / consequences of policy.
the necessary information / data to assess the impact may be unavailable or available in unsuitable form
E.g. not all states kept a particular data or kept them in a desired format
Methodological problems
Many methods available to measure policy success
A problem or target population which is the target
of several programs with the same objectives
Difficult to be evaluated
POLITICAL PROBLEMS
Some people are threatened by evaluation
Evaluation may be seen as a threat to:
the continuation of a policy or program in which a number of people have stake
the personal reputations
the careers of politicians or administrators
COST
Substantial amount of cost incurred to evaluate policy
It may take as much as 1% of the total cost
Can be a diversion from the delivery of policy
DISTRIBUTION OF IMPACT
How to effectively measure policy impact distribution:
whether it is actually going to the groups intended to benefit most.
A policy may not have equal impact to people.
HOW MUCH IS ENOUGH
Even if objectives have been specified and priorities among them established, questions remain of what outcomes are seen as relevant to meeting those objectives
what level of achievement in meeting those objectives would make up success
GROUP MEMBER
Glenn Achang Henry (2020989139)
Liyana Batrisyia Binti Nazarudin (2020989117)
Teofilus Anyi Thomas (2020957647)
Vanaessa Evangelista Binti Damian (2020765287)