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Topic 8: Policy Evaluation, Definition: Policy Evaluation, Purposes, Types…
Topic 8: Policy Evaluation
Definition: Policy Evaluation
According to Anderson (2011), involves the estimation, appraisal, or assessment of a policy, its content, implementation, goal attainment, and other effects.
Purposes
1. To access policy
achievement
to check the policy effects in general or of the respective ministries/departments.
Eg: whether a policy is successful or failed and to what extend a policy is successful/failed.
2. To access policy consequences
whether a policy has other effects or not intended and unintended
Eg: who gets benefits and bear cost directly and
indirectly
3. To suggest policy change
to suggest policy recommendation
Eg: whether to find out the policy is necessary,valid, and efficient.
4. To suggest policy termination
to suggest to stop implementing policy
Eg: to find out whether the policy is still relevent
Types
1) Evaluating policy output
output is agencies that establish to implement new policy
Eg. who are involved in a particular policy implementation
Eg. what are they doing pertaining to a particular policy implementation
2) Evaluating policy outcome
outcome results from policy implementation by the agency
important to appraise the result, the government intended or unintended to get from a particular policy implementation.
Eg. Fiscal policy (tax on cigarates)
Intended outcome: no of smokers
Unintended outcome: amount of household expenses decreases or increases
3) Evaluating policy impact
impacts is the effect from the output and the outcomes towards the society or state.
to evaluate the intended and unintended, direct and indirect, positive and negative effects of policy implementation towards the society or state.
assuming implementors have implemented a policy
Eg. Privatization policy
4) Evaluating policy implementation process
evaluating the means of by which a policy is delivered to target group or the way the program is implemented.
assess client satisfaction and program activities
seek to identify management problem if any
Eg. could the program be
carried out more efficiently?
5) Evaluating process failure
assessing impact on the original problem addressed by the program or policy
Eg. has the problem been reduced because of the program or policy?
seek to identify critical factors of success or failure so remedial actions can be made.
Techniques
*may combine to evaluate policy outcome, output, impact, process and success or failure.
Administrative (operational) technique
• Evaluation of interrelated process, procedures, rules, resources involved in policy implementation.
• Purpose= ensure efficiency, transparency & accountability during implementation.
Eg.:
Overlapping roles or functions in implementing policy A with other policy program or activities.
Ethical issues arise in implementing policy such as honesty, integrity and corruption.
Systematic Technique
• Evaluation through scientific research, by relevant group or agencies that involves directly and indirectly in the implementation process.
Eg.:
Case study, survey design, experimental design, before and after study.
Cost Benefit Analysis Technique (CBA)
• Formal, quantitative evaluation technique.
• Identify and weight cost against benefits of policy or program.
Eg.:
Cleaner environment program - the costs involved (opportunity cost) and benefits are generated and compared.
Processes =
Step 1
: Analyse costs
Step 2
: Analyse benefits
Step 3
: Assign monetary values (RM) to the various costs and benefits
Step 4
: Allocate discount rate to equate present value for future effects
Step 5
: Compare overall cost and benefits
Step 6
: Decide option that maximize benefits or minimize costs
Institutional Technique
• Evaluation done by various governmental and non-governmental agencies based on their given (accepted) roles or functions.
Eg.: Parliament, Ministries and Special Committees
Purpose= to evaluate the behaviour of the policy implementors > achieve policy efficiency and effectiveness.
Institutional Technique:
Examples:
a) Public Accounts Committee (evaluate the administration and management of public money)
b) Ombudsman (investigate allegations of maladministration to ensure public accountability)
c) Media & interest group (give feedback & suggestions to further improve policy achievement or overcome implementation problems or constraints.
Problems/Constraints in overall
Objectives
If objectives are unclear or are not specified in any measurable form , the criteria for policy success are also unclear
E.g. The intention of a policy that is not clear could not be approved as there are no solid foundation to its existence
Defining criteria for success
Even if objectives are clearly stated, the questions of how the success of the objectives is to be judged or measured would arise
E.g. Despite having objectives, people may doubt the true intentions of a policy whether it has personal intention or not
Side effects
A program or policy under evaluation may be effected by other programs or policies
therefore causing difficulties to identify the side-effects of any one program or policy
E.g. Implementing many policies at the same time
Data problems
The necessary information or data may be unavailable or available in unsuitable form or area
E.g. not all states kept a particular data or kept them in a desired format
Methodological problems
A problem where the target of several programs are the same or related objectives are the same which leads to difficulties to be evaluated since evaluators may not know which program produces better effects
E.g. Poor people in an area are affected by several programs – PPRT, Jabatan Kebajikan
Political problems
The continuation of a policy or program in which a number of people have stake. This in other words mean they are threatened to evaluation it may effect their positions as an administrator
E.g. They may not take any responsibility when a policy does not give a positive effect
Cost
It can be a diversion from the delivery of the policy or program as it may take as much as 1% of the total program cost especially if sophisticated methods are used
E.g. Experiment
Distribution of impact
whether it is actually going to the groups intended to benefit most
the policy may not have equal impact to people.
E.g. better educated people are likely to be more knowledgeable or having the resources to maximize advantage of policy benefits
How much is enough
Even if objectives have been specified and priorities among them established, questions remain of what outcomes are seen as relevant to meeting those objectives
E.g. people would still think on the effect of the policy despite being implemented for a long time.
GROUP MEMBERS:
DEVRY WELIN ANAK DURI (2020964663)
ANGELINE ARMIZA ANAK KASIN (2020365903)
FARAH ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD ZOLLANI (2020372983)
MELBIANA LUCY AK MELTON (2020963581)