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Sexist Language, The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - idea that an individual'…
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The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - idea that an individual's thoughts and actions are influenced by the language that an individual speaks
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Linguistic relativism- concept of people's thoughts and actions being only somewhat shaped by their language, existing relative to language
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Markedness- dominant term is known as the 'unmarked' which reflects a norm. Additions to the unmarked form (affixing a bound morpheme, pre-modifying/compounding) suggests a less frequent notion.
Direct sexism- can be easily identified through the use of linguistic markers which are associated with the expression of discriminatory opinions about women
Indirect sexism- when a speaker/writer's discourse expresses sexism whilst at the same time denying responsibility for it
Gatekeeping- Cameron argues that language is regularised by gatekeeping institutions such as education, publishing, media and lexicography, which are largely male and that sexist language is a consequence
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Dominate- the more powerful group which controls the means of communication eg language, broadcast media, the press and therefore reflect the views of the dominant group
Muted- groups which are excluded from using or are ignored by these means of communication. These groups become muted as they are denied the means of expressing themselves
The notion that marked forms eg lady doctor/actress push women into a 'space' where connotation is negative
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Semantic derogation- the idea that there are more negative connotations on words for women which represents patriarchal order and is rule governed
Lexical asymmetry- words that are 'marked' for females become pejorated whereas male-gendered synonyms do not eg mister and mistress, words which are used for both men and women have the same meaning but different connotations
Androcentric language- bias in the English language in favour of males, gender biased
Feminism and linguistic reform- the notion that reforms have taken place at an institutional level (law, media) to achieve linguistic equality. Non-sexist guidelines adopted by the media have been the main instrument of promoting feminist language reform
Euphemism treadmill- the process whereby words introduced to replace an offensive word, over time becoming offensive themselves