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Changing Population - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Places with good communications and potential for trade
      - Political factors: government planning; decentralization
    - - Fertile valleys/coast/floodplains such as the Nile Valley
        
        75% live within 1000km of the sea
      - Places with a regular supply of water
      - Moderate, temperate climates
        
        85% of global population live between latitudes 68N and 20N
      - Flat, gentle, low lands
        
        85% live in areas less than 500m high
  - - - While some LICs have seen their GNI per capita rise very slowly between 1994 and 2014, from $180 to $250 in Malawi, income in HICs like Norway has increased massively, from $26010 to $103050 during the same period.
    - - % of people living in LICs fell by 80% from 1994 to 2014; Countries like Bangladesh, India and Kenya have moved from out of the LIC phase into the low MIC category
    - - Some 5 billion people live in MICs, generating 1/3 of the global GDP
      - China and Mexico are classified as upper middle income countries
    - - Countries that have experienced rapid industrial, social and economic growth since the 1960s
        
        BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
        
        MINT: Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
        
        CIVETS, New Eleven and centrally planned economies like Cuba and North Korea
    - - Rich in terms of GNI per capita, although not evenly distributed
    - - Sub-Saharan Africa and Afghanistan; very low standards of living
  - - - Concentrated in the eastern part, especially in the coastal zones and lower reaches of the river valley
        
        90% live on 30% of the land
        
        less than 4% live on 50% of the land
        
        Tibet and Inner Mongolia
      - Physical factors
        
        Limited amount of land that is able to provide for rain-fed agriculture - much of the land is either too dry or too steep
        
        Favored coastal and river locations are also the more favored sites for trade and commerce
        
        The western provinces remain less developed than the eastern ones
      - China's economic growth has reinforced core-periphery inequalities in population distribution of the east (core) and west (periphery)
        
        More than 50 cities with over a million inhabitants each
        
        Mega-regions/megalopolises
        
        Capital economic zone: Beijing and Tianjin
        
        Pearl River Delta: Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen
        
        Yangtze River Delta: Shanghai
      - Internal migration
        
        since 1978, China experienced the world's largest internal migration when 160+ million migrants have left rural areas to seek work in urban areas
        
        Wages in urban areas were 40% higher than in countrysides
        
        Shenzhen was a settlement of a few thousands in 1978 and now 12 million people live in Shenzhen by 2020
        
        During the 1990s, rural-urban wealth inequalities widened
        
        Land and labor costs are rising
        
        Gov has attempted to direct recent industrial development and the destination of internal migrants to interior regions (Chongqing)
    - - Highly uneven - core economic zones like Gauteng have pop densities of over 1000 people/km2 while large areas of the Northern Cape province have densities of less than 5 people/km2
        
        In general, pop decreases from the south east to the north west
      - Physical factors
        
        access to mineral resources such as diamonds and gold
        
        Good potential for farming and trade such as Durban and Cape Town
        
        Rainfall - lowest pop densities are found in the most arid areas
      - Internal migration
        
        economic migration due to industrial development until 1950
        
        Many blacks moved from the countryside to the urban areas to work as migrant laborors in the gold and diamond mines between the two world wars
        
        forced migration due to the apartheid movement
        
        The National Party set up the apartheid system in 1948 which forced 4 million blacks to move out of 'white' areas; there are also restrictions preventing blacks from entering white towns ('influx control')
        
        Voluntary migration due to the collapse of the apartheid system
        
        Many blacks moved back to cities in search of work; up to 2.4 million blacks moved from white-owned commercial farms to nearby towns between 1994 and 2004
        
        Urban pop grew from 55% in 1995 to 65% in 2015
        
        High natural increase - 70% in Gauteng between 1996 and 2001
        
        Circular migration
        
        Moves repeatedly between home and host areas
        
        Farms are seemed as preferred place for retirement
        
        In order to supplement income, a family member (increasingly more women) will seek work in an urban area, leaving children to be cared by grandparents
        
        Circular migrants usually take poorly paid insecure jobs in informal sectors
        
        high cost of living in cities and the need for grandparents to take care of children make this form of migration common
- - - - refer to textbook diagram p397
  - - - DT=70/rate of natural increase (%)
    - - Tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in the birth rate or fertility levels
        
        Occurs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the pre-childbearing and childbearing years
        
        as these people grow older and move through their reproductive years, the greater number of births will exceed the number of deaths in the older population
  - - - The status of women
        
        Inequality between the sexes in life expectancy, education and standards of living
        
        Singapore: between 1960 and 2000, there are great social and economic changes resulting in full employment including for women. TFR fell from 3 to 1.51 in 2000 and 0.81 in 2015
      - Level of education and maternal ambition
        
        the more educated parents are, the fewer children they will have
        
        Middle income families have the smallest families since they have high aspirations but limited means to improve their living standards compared to the affluent who can afford to have large families
      - Maternal health
        
        Women who are not healthy tend to get pregnant more frequently because of high infant mortality rate and more unsuccessful pregnancies
      - Religion
        
        Most religions including Catholicism are pro-natalist, opposed to birth control and contraception
      - Economic prosperity
        
        Economic prosperity favors increased birth rate but increased costs of living lead to declines in birth rate
        
        The more equitable the distribution of wealth, the lower the TFR
      - The need for children
        
        High infant mortality leads to high compensatory or replacement briths
        
        To provide labor for farms and as security for parents in old age
      - Location of residence
        
        Rural areas more children than cities
        
        rigid social pressure on women
        
        less state control (China's one child policy less stringent in rural areas)
        
        Fewer economic and educational opps for women
        
        High birth rates in large urban areas due to young pop structure
  - - - Babies born in 2007 in Japan are expected live at an average of aorund 107 years
    - - A combination of poverty, conflict and the AIDS virus
  - - - India's largest city, with a pop of around 18 million
        
        Financial, commercial and entertainment center of India
        
        Many TNCs such as the Tata group
        
        Home to financial instituions such as the Reserve Bank of India and the National Stock Exchange of India
        
        Scientific industries such as the Department of Atomic Energy (nuclear)
        
        25% of India's industrial output, 6% of total GDP and 40% of foreign trade; per capita income is 3 times the national average; gender ratios lower than the national average (greater incidence of male migration)
      - Mumbai has diversified its economy since the 1970s to include industries such as computers, engineering and electronic equipment
      - Challenges
        
        nearly 10 millions live in slums
        
        Limited security of tenures
        
        Dharavi, 2 km2, is home to 1 million people
        
        There is great pressure to clear parts of Dharavi for modern development due to its proximity to Mumbai's financial and commercial district
        
        Informal sectors
        
        Up to 85% of adults in Dharavi work locally, and there are major recycling industries and pottery industries
        
        Dangerous working conditions
        
        up to 4000 cases of diphtheria and typhoid a day due to a lack of proper sewerage system
        
        Access to water is limited and many pumps are available for only 2 hours a day
    - - Migration to megacities provide many with higher standards of living and quality of life due to better jobs, education, infrastruscture, etc.
      - Migration to megcities can also lead to underemployment, poor quality housing (in slums/ghettos) and the risk fo environmental hazards for some
    - - Compact cities - large numbers of people living in proximity make it easier to provide public transport, housing and healthcare (more efficient)
      - If exceeds carrying capacity, the provision of such services would be inadequate - traffic congestion, air pollution, declining water quality