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IMPORT AND EXPORT - Coggle Diagram

- - - - This option implicitly or explicitly assumes that no Panamanian government will ever want to incur the "political cost" of eliminating the benefits that certain productive sectors enjoy.
    - - The option involves reducing tariffs and other non-tariff barriers to imports relatively quickly.
    - - An arrangement has been proposed in Central America that would include a free trade area, a customs union, that is, a single tariff against the rest of the world with a regional customs administration, and free movement of people and capital within the region and a common currency.
    - - This option means that no multilateral or bilateral agreement would be reached to expand the country's foreign trade, except partial scope agreements such as those we already have, whose effect on development is practically null.
    - - In 1992, a free trade agreement between Colombia and Venezuela came into force, the main characteristics of which are total free trade between the two countries since March 1992 and a common external tariff of four levels.
    - - ALCAN contemplates a transition period of 10 years to complete the tariff reduction, which must be taken into account for any negotiations that Panama carries out.
  - - - Independent Opening. Its advantages are the growth of exports of goods, growth of exports of services, an increase in employment and the winners, who represent four fifths of the population (the non-rentier
        
        Concentration in services that has the advantages of growth in exports of goods, increased productivity, increased employment, GDP growth and winners: investors and employees of the service sector and those who benefit from the indirect effects of new activities.
        
        Incorporation to the MCCQA whose advantages are the growth of exports of goods, growth of exports of services, foreign investment, increased productivity, increased employment, GDP growth and winners; a small segment of industry and agriculture.
  - - - instant communication with anywhere
        of the world and at a reasonable cost in many countries (not only by voice, but by data, intense growth of world trade in goods and serious efforts to expand it to trade in services; growing exchange of investments between countries; information on consumption patterns, and dynamic growth of tourism and air transport.
  - - - The options with the greatest development effect seem to be ALCAN, independent opening, concentration in services and possibly the Colombian-Venezuelan market.
        
        Those with the least effect would be the status quo and CACM.
        
        It is clear that the larger the market that is accessed, the greater the potential benefits.
        
        There are also greater requirements to participate in a broader market such as NAFTA.
        
        However, from the point of view of its impact on those affected, the costs of entering are the same regardless of the size of the market.
        
        The main conclusion of this exercise is that Panama must seriously study whether or not it is convenient for it to participate in the globalization process and what would be the optimal way to do so.
- - - - The possibilities for expanding manufacturing exports by LDCs are really limited. These possibilities are further reduced by increasing competition from national industrial companies to each other.
        
        The effects of GSP have been especially favorable for LDCs that already have a certain degree of industrialization.
  - - - The first, supplementary financing, is that which LDCs could use to cover the gaps between projected income and actual income required to meet the objectives of a national development plan.
        
        Second, compensatory financing would tend to offset the effects of fluctuations in international prices, in such a way that it would cover the difference between expected and actual external income, differences attributable therefore to the market.
  - - - The most obvious reason and the one that originated short-term claims among LDCs, simply happens that PI, through its own fleets or its flag-of-convenience ships, absorb practically 100% of world transport. This is due to the theoretically system of free competition for freight transport, which, however, is tempered for the industrial countries themselves by the mechanisms of shipping or freight conferences.
        
        In short, maritime transport would have to be subjected in the future, if the theses of the LDCs succeed, to a system of preferences in their favor.
  - - - As long as it is not perceived, nor is it decided, which is doubly decisive, that development at the world level requires important changes in the very idea of what development is, surely everything will follow the path of uncertainty from the North and from the East to the south.
        
        In North-South relations, a spirit of shared responsibility will be necessary, to replace distrust and indifference.
        
        The commitment to global negotiations should allow concrete measures to be taken for mutual interests.
        
        The search for well-being must be accompanied by an effort to preserve the identity of peoples and promote their communication.