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consequences of global development and responses - Coggle Diagram
consequences of global development and responses
the development gap:
-development: progress by a country over time
-traditionally focused on economy, now focusing more on social factors and QoL
-development gap: gap between the 'haves' and 'have nots'
-developed country: very high human development (VHHD)
-developing country: low human development (LHD)
-emerging country: high and medium human development (HMHD)
-measures of development:
-GDP per capita:
-gross domestic product per person
-economic value of good/services in a nations border
neg-difficult to accurately measure some forms of employment (informal sector)
pos-a simple comparable average between countries
-HDI:
-human development index
-composite measure (>1 var) of health, wealth and educational levels (0=low 1=high)
pos-takes into account more than the economy
neg-sucess in one element affects the results and can skew them
-economic sector balence:
-prop of people in each economic sector
neg-can be rebased to include new sectors (eg, Nigeria's inclusion of Nollywood)
pos-additional detail to GDP figure
-GII:
-gender inequality index
-composite measure of reproductive heath, empowerment and female labour force participation (0=equal 1=unequal)
neg-not all cultures see this as relevent/nessecary
pos-considers development between genders
-EPI:
-environmental performance index
-air quality and pollution in and out of peoples homes
neg-low income countries score poorly due to wood stoves
pos-environmental aspects of development
-globalisation and poverty:
-global poverty has halved since the intro of the millenium development goals in 2000
-world total GDP increased far faster than the population
-improvements in measures have not been equal between all countries
-globalisation may have benefitted some areas better than others
-3 billion live on $2.50 a day
-globalisation and inequality:
-inequality can be measured with the 'gini coefficient'
-income levels of a country plotted as 'lorenz curve'
-gini coefficient then calculated A/A+B (0=perfect equality to 100=1 individual recieves whole countries income)
tensions:
-migration:
pos-"open borders for migration have caused culturally mixed societies"
-eg, London - 1.7mill people have a language other than english as their first
pos-"it has created thriving migrant diasporas"
-eg, cornish diaspora in grass valley, california (in 1894 over 60% were cornish miners taking cornish culture with them)
neg-"migration has caused social tensions and should be controlled"
-eg,migration fron EU-UK where polish population has increased from 5800 in 2001 to 579000 in 2011 (following the growth of the EU in 2004)
-culture:
pos-"global flows of people, goods and information leads to improvements in QoL"
-eg, encouragement of a global culture in Taiwan coincided with poverty rates being halved in 10 yrs as well as education improvements
neg-"cultures are increasingly being westernised leading to a global consumer society"
eg, yanomami tribe of the Amazon: 3200 in previously uncontacted tribe, influx of illegal gold mines brought western clothes, malaria and an unhealthy change in diet
eg, North Korea's censorship of western culture: no internet access and 28 state approved hairstyles
-trade:
pos-"global flaws of goods and services have increased market oppertunities and QoL"
eg, China's 'open door' policy to attract FDI led to it becoming the 'worlds workshop'
neg-"world trade networks are designed to benefit the rich and exploit the poor"
eg, iphone factory workers in China work 12 hour shifts/6 days a week for less than $12 a day and strict control of breaks
-governments can use trade protectionism to limit global flow of products
eg, in 2005 the EU banned import of cheap chinese textiles ("the bra wars")
-the environment
pos-"global cooperation and communication will lead to real progress against climate change"
eg, 174 countries that signed the Paris agreement in 2015, to tackle climate change
neg-"globalisation is associated with most of the climate issues at ocal and global levels"
eg, industrialisation and urbanisation has led to deforestation, destruction of habitats and pollution in Taiwan
eg, rising levels of E-waste
sustainability:
-sustainable development: meets the need of the present without affecting the needs of future generation (society, environment and economy)
-globalisation is associated with rising environmental impacts:
-there will be more cars in China by 2030 than there was as a whole in 2000
-the US lifestyle is an aspirationfor developing countries to become as big as the the US's carbon footprint
-current level of CO2 emmisions is around 450 ppm and an annual increase is around 2.4 ppm- 0.8 in 1960s
-Totnes, Devon:
-first transition town (2006) to become less reliant on global trade
-eg, adoption of local currency (Totnes pound) to boost locat economy and keep money in
eg, promotion of fairtrade products in local shops and bussinesses
eg, 'incredible edibles' to grow food in wild areas to reduce food miles and support the homeless
eg, reduction of landfill by promoting recycling
-2015 58% of waste recycled compared to UK average 44%