disease and disorder project for health
smallpox
a little more info
websites
vacctionations
came to america in the 17th century
left bumps which would burst and leave scars
forever
the last outbreak was in 18th century australia
averaged 3/10 people who got it would die
spread relatively slow
if you got it, then you would have the antibodies for life, but still have a small chance of getting it, with a lower chance of dying
burst puss
variolation
doctors would take puss and rub a knife on it, then cut the skin of a patient with that knife
still a high chance of dying
bloodletting
you cut someone who is sick and let them bleed about a pint of blood.
a very high chance of dying
you could not clot your blood
a lot of infections
did not work
got rid of white blood cells
cow pox
milk maids always got cowpox,
never got smallpox
the viruses were very closely related
so they would have the antibodies
seen as a superstition
in 1768 a man called john fewster thought to use cowpox as a virolation, but no one wanted to because it seemed like an unnecessary health risk.
much later, in 1796, edward jenner thought to test this theory, and it worked
(story here)
The first experiment to test this theory involved milkmaid Sarah Nelmes and James Phipps, the 9 year-old son of Jenner’s gardener. Dr. Jenner took material from a cowpox sore on Nelmes’ hand and inoculated it into Phipps’ arm.
a month later, james was introduced to smallpox, several times, and never got it
in 1801 edward jenner had published his treaties “On the Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation,” in which he summarized his discoveries and expressed hope that “the annihilation of the smallpox, the most dreadful scourge of the human species, must be the final result of this practice.”
later in the 1800s, no one really knows when, scientist came up with a vaccination to replace the virolation
Following the eradication of smallpox, scientists and public health officials determined there was still a need to perform research using the variola virus. They agreed to reduce the number of laboratories holding stocks of variola virus to only four locations. In 1981, the four countries that either served as a WHO collaborating center or were actively working with variola virus were the United States, England, Russia, and South Africa. By 1984, England and South Africa had either destroyed their stocks or transferred them to other approved labs. There are now only two locations where variola virus is officially stored and handled under WHO supervision: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, and the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR Institute) in Koltsovo, Russia.
Almost two centuries after Jenner published his hope that vaccination could annihilate smallpox, on May 8, 1980, the 33rd World Health Assembly officially declared the world free of this disease. Eradication of smallpox is considered the biggest achievement in international public health.
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In 1959, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated a plan to rid the world of smallpox. Unfortunately, this global eradication campaign suffered from lack of funds, personnel, and commitment from countries, as well as a shortage of vaccine donations. Despite their best efforts, smallpox was still widespread in 1966, causing regular outbreaks in multiple countries across South America, Africa, and Asia.
The Intensified Eradication Program began in 1967 with a promise of renewed efforts. This time, laboratories in many countries where smallpox occurred regularly (endemic countries) were able to produce more, higher quality freeze-dried vaccine. A number of other factors also played an important role in the success of the intensified efforts, including the development of the bifurcated needle, establishment of a surveillance system to detect and investigate cases, and mass vaccination campaigns, to name a few.
By the time the Intensified Eradication Program began in 1967, smallpox had already been eliminated in North America (1952) and Europe (1953), leaving South America, Asia, and Africa (smallpox was never widespread in Australia). The Program made steady progress toward ridding the world of this disease, and by 1971 smallpox was eradicated from South America, followed by Asia (1975), and finally Africa (1977).
bacteriological war
during the french and indian war
british soldiers who were immune
give blankets covered in the puss from the smallpox bumps
then the indigenous people would get it
but that meant that it was pretty deadly
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6th Century – Increased trade with China and Korea introduces smallpox into Japan.
7th Century – Arab expansion spreads smallpox into northern Africa, Spain, and Portugal.
11th Century – Crusades further spread smallpox in Europe.
15th Century – Portuguese occupation introduces smallpox into part of western Africa.
16th Century – European colonization and the African slave trade import smallpox into the Caribbean and Central and South America.
17th Century – European colonization imports smallpox into North America.
18th Century – Exploration by Great Britain introduces smallpox into Australia.