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THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS AND THE GREAT EXPEDITIONS - Coggle Diagram
THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS AND THE GREAT EXPEDITIONS
Domestic reforms
The Catholic Monarchs carried out a series of domestic reforms to centralise power
The number of royal officials was increased, the existing institutions were reformed and new ones were established
To reduce the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy
The power of the General Courts was reduced
The Inquisition was established in the kingdom of Castilla in 1478 and was reformed in Aragón to persecute false conversions
To restrict the autonomy of the urban oligarchies
In Castilla, the monarchs appointed the mayors, who ran the city councils
In Aragón, the sortition system, where local governors were selected by lottery, was maintained
To weaken the power of the nobility
A permanent army was formed with professional soldiers (mercenaries)
Permission was obtained from the Pope to place Military Orders under the monarchs' control
To improve international relations
The diplomatic corps, which represented the monarchs in other kingdoms, was expanded
Castilla became an authoritarian monarchy
The dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
In 1469, Isabella of Castilla, married Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of Aragón
When the King of Castilla died in 1474, a civil war broke out between the followers of his daughter, with the support of Portugal, and those of Isabella, who had the support of Aragón
The conflict ended in 1479 with the victory of Isabella
In the same year, Ferdinand became the King of Aragón, this resulted in the dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
This union of the reigning families did not result in the creation of a unitary state
As a single state was not created, it is referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy
Art and Culture
The Spanish Renaissance characteristics
Cardinal Cisneros, the founder of Alcalá de Henares University, financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
The most important humanist was Juan Luis Vives, a converted Jew who went into exile to Flanders and England
The increase in the importance of the Castilian language
The Gothic artistic style was maintained
In architecture
Isabelline style
Cisneros style
Economy and society
Cereal farming, which the economy was based on, went into decline
This became searching for alternatives
Crown of Castilla
The exportation of wool was very important. Transhumance livestock farming developed, meaning the shepherds migrated with their flocks in search of new pastures
The flocks travelled along paths protected by the crown called cañadas reales
The Catholic Monarchs received taxes from the wool trade, they gave privileges to the shepherds that controlled this activity, this association was called the Honrado Concejo de la Mesta
In 1494, Burgos Consulate was founded to control the exportation of wool from the Cantabrian ports (Bilbao and Santander) to the textile industries of Flanders and England
Agriculture suffered due to the increase in livestock farming
Crown of Aragon
As in Castilla, the crisis of the 14th century provoked an increase in the abuses of the nobility, known as feudal abuses taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures imposed by the feudal lords and led to a peasant uprising called the War of the Remences
Ferdinand the Catholic' ended this conflict by stopping the feudal abuses of the nobility with the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486
Trade in the Mediterranean benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón. The main ports were Valencia and Barcelona
Religious policy
One of the Catholic Monarchs’ main political objectives was to establish religious unity
Their aim was to prevent revolts and internal divisions. In order to do this, the Jews and Muslims were expelled
Jews
The Jews were persecuted by the Christian population
The Christians believed that the Jews offended God
In 1492, the monarchs forced them to convert to Christianity
Who did not obey had to sell their assets at a loss and leave their homes (Sephardic Jews)
Who convert were known as conversos and were persecuted by the Inquisition to prevent them from practising their old religion in secret
Muslims
The Mudéjar were Muslims who lived in Christian territories
After the conquest of Granada in 1492, Cardinal Cisneros forced them to be baptised
Many of them revolted in the Alpujarras
hey were expelled from Castilla in 1502 and from Aragón in 1526
Who converted were known as Moriscos and they were also persecuted by the Inquisition
Foreing policity
The Catholic Monarchs' main objectives
Unification of the Iberian Peninsula
Isolation of France
Consolidation of the Crown of Aragón in the Mediterranean and the expansion across the Atlantic
Diplomatic
Union with Portugal
The monarchs married their oldest daughter, Isabella of Aragón, to King Manuel I of Portugal
Isolation of France
The monarchs married their children to English princes and the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire, who governed Austria and Burgundy
Military conquests
On the Iberian Peninsula
In 1512, conquered Navarra
In 1492, Granada
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
Northern Africa (Melilla, Oran and Bugia), between 1497 and 1510)
Italy (Naples, Sicily and Sardinia), in 1503
The Atlantic Ocean (Canary Islands), in 1492