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THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS - Coggle Diagram
THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
FOREIGN POLICY
Diplomatic strategies
Union with Portugal
The monarchs married their oldest daughter
Isabella of Aragón, to King Manuel I of Portugal
Their son, Miguel, was due to inherit the three kingdoms, but both mother and son died
so ne of the monarchs' other daughters, María, was then married to the widowed king
Isolation of France
In 1493 an agreement was reached with France
in which the territories of Roussillon and Cerdanya were returned to Aragón
the monarchs married their children to English princes
the monarchs married their children to the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire
who governed Austria and Burgundy
The monarchs formed political agreements or alliances
Marrying their children to the kings and princes of other European kingdoms
Military strategies
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
Italy
The forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba the Great Captain
defeated the French at the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano
secured the Aragónese territories of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia
The Atlantic Ocean
The Canary Islands were conquered following the subjugation of their inhabitants
the Guanches
These islands would serve as a stop off point for Christopher Columbus' first voyage to the Americas in 1492.
Northern Africa. Between 1497 and 1510
various enclaves which Berber pirates operated from were conquered
Melilla, Oran and Bugia
Ceuta was conquered by the kingdom of Portugal.
On the Iberian Peninsula
In 1492, after a ten year war
Boabdil, the ruler of the kingdom of Granada
surrendered the last existing Muslim state on the Peninsula
In 1512, Ferdinand the Catholic
conquered Navarra to prevent it from forming an alliance with France
The Catholic Monarchs' main objectives
The isolation of France
The consolidation of the Crown of Aragón in the Mediterranean
The unification of the Iberian Peninsula
The expansion across the Atlantic
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
After the serious economic and demographic crises of the 14th century
cereal farming, which the economy was based on, went into decline
Crown of Aragón
Ferdinand the Catholic
ended this conflict by stopping the feudal abuses of the nobility
with the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486
Trade in the Mediterranean
benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón
The main ports were Valencia and Barcelona
the crisis of the 14th century provoked an increase in the abuses of the nobility
known as feudal abuses
These abuses were taxes
fines and other arbitrary measures imposed by the feudal lords and led to a peasant uprising called the War of the Remences
Trade benefitted other economic activities
shipbuilding and the textile industry
The monarchs protected local industries by placing taxes or duties on foreign products
Crown of Castilla
In 1494, Burgos Consulate
was founded to control the exportation of wool from the Cantabrian ports to the textile industries of Flanders and England
The Spanish textile industry
developed just enough to cover domestic demand
the Catholic Monarchs received taxes from the wool trade
So they gave numerous privileges to the association of shepherds that controlled this activity
This association was called the Honrado Concejo de la Mesta
Agriculture suffered due to the increase in livestock farming
The amount of pasture land increased
replacing the land dedicated to growing crops
In Andalucía
substantial vineyards and olive groves were maintained to produce wine and oil
The flocks travelled along paths protected by the crown
cañadas reales
During the 16th century, the main source of wealth was precious metals from the Americas
Transhumance livestock farming developed
the shepherds migrated with their flocks of sheep between seasons in search of new pastures
The exportation of wool was very important
ART AND CULTURE
The Spanish Renaissance
The founding of new universities
Cardinal Cisneros, the founder of Alcalá de Henares University, financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
the spread of the printing press
The sacred text was written in four languages: Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Chaldean
increase in the importance of the Castilian language
Antonio de Nebrija published the first grammar of this language in 1492
The most important humanist was Juan Luis Vives
a converted Jew who went into exile to escape the Inquisition and spent the rest of his life in Flanders and England
He was a follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam
proposed the creation of social services for the poor and educational reforms
The Gothic artistic style was maintained
In sculpture
the Italian Domenico Fancelli
was a very important artist
He sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs in Granada
In painting
the works of Pedro Berruguete
were greatly influenced by the Flemish style.
In architecture
the main Gothic works of art were commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs
During the Catholic Monarchs' reign
new humanist and Renaissance ideas spread from Europe