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Management of Lead Toxicity in Children :warning:, PHARMACOLOGICAL…

- - - - Low dietary intake of vitamin D may increase accumulation of lead in bones
      - Low dietary intake of vitamin C and iron may increase lead levels in blood
- - - - Biting lead containing or lead painted toys and toy jewelries
      - Mouthing of contaminated soil
- - - - Reacting to ROS, GSH stabilizes ROS, and after being converted (oxidizing) to glutathione disulfide (GSSG), it is reduced back to GSH by glutathione reductase (GR)
      - Inactivates GSH by binding to GSH’s sulfhydryl group, which causes GSH replenishment to become inefficient - increasing oxidative stress
      - Further reduces glutathione levels by blocking the activity of enzymes such as δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase
      - Destabilizes the cellular membrane through lipid peroxidation - hemolytic anemia
  - - - The ionic mechanism that substitutes lead for calcium ions, allowing it to pass through the blood-brain barrier - causing neurological abnormalities
      - By penetrating the blood-brain barrier, lead accumulates in astroglial cells and disrupting myelin sheath formation
      - Even in very small concentrations, lead affects neural excitation and memory-related neurotransmitter activity
- - - - The use of lead in plastics has not been banned. Lead softens plastic, making a toy more flexible to return to its original shape. Lead may also be used in plastic toys to stabilize molecules from heat.
      - Lead dust can form on toys when some plastics are exposed to sunlight, air, and detergents that break down the chemical bond between the lead and plastics.
      - Lead also may be combined with other metals, such as tin, to create alloys that are used to make toys.
  - - - Children can be exposed to lead in soil by touching, breathing, or playing in lead-contaminated soil. Lead-contaminated soil particles can also be brought inside as lead dust or on shoes, clothing, or pets. Young children tend to put their hands, which may be contaminated with lead dust from soil, into their mouths.
      - Lead particles from leaded gasoline or paint settle on soil and can last for years. Lead-contaminated soil is still a major problem around highways and in some urban settings. Some soil close to walls of older houses contains lead.
      - Children may also be exposed by eating fruits and vegetables grown in or near lead-contaminated soil.
- - - - How does it work?
      - EDTA is a chemical that binds and holds on to (chelates) minerals and metals such as chromium, iron, lead, mercury, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, calcium, cobalt, manganese, and magnesium. When they are bound, they can't have any effects on the body and they are removed from the body
      - Side Effects & Safety
      - EDTA is safe when used as a prescription medicine, as eye drops, and in small amounts as a preservative in foods. EDTA can cause abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, low blood pressure, skin problems, and fever. It is unsafe to use more than 3 grams of EDTA per day, or to take it longer than 5 to 7 days. Too much can cause kidney damage, dangerously low calcium levels, and death
- - - - Combination of essential active ingredient needed in hematopoiesis, iron and B vitamins
      - Continue at least until RBC and iron content in blood normalised
    - - One tablet dissolve in glass of water ~200mL
    - - Dosage can be divided into seperate dose or can be taken at all once