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Memory and Cognition, Chapters 11 and 12: Memory and Cognition, Camryn…
Memory and Cognition
Biology
6) Long-term potentiation (LTP):
A lasting strengthening of synapses that increases neurotransmissions
7) Cerebellum: Responsible for procedural memories such as how to tie a shoelace, play the guitar or touch-type
5) Basal ganglia: A set of neurons inside the cortex which play an important role in memory retrieval and procedural memory.
Henry Gustav: Had an operation that resulted in damage to the hippocampus, he could no longer form long-term memories
The Multi-store model
2) Sensory memory: We process everything we sense, and activity that takes less than a second to several seconds
3) Encoding: Taking stimuli from the environment and converting it into a form of construct that the brain can understand and use.
1) Cocktail party effect: We are able to filter out nearly everything except that which is most important to us
4) Selective Hearing: An example would be not noticing your mom is talking to you because you’re watching television
Problem-solving methods
13) Heuristics: “Rules of thumb,” allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, but could potentially lead to incorrect outcomes
Example: Choosing whether or not to go into a restaurant based on how many cars are in it's parking lot.
14) Insight: A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem, such as suddenly seeing a cause and effect relationship (more likely to be used when one has a larger base of information)
12) Algorithms: A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem because it explores every possibility.
15) Trial and Error: A process by which we try out different solutions until we find one that works (works best when there are only a few possible solutions)
Cognitive Biases
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9) Functional Fixedness: A tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, as if they could have no other functions
Example: Not thinking to use a bobby pin to pick a lock, since that is not it's usual function
10) Mental set: A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
11) Cognitive Dissonance: When we are presented with evidence that works against our initial belief, and we cannot accept it.
Hermann Ebbinghaus: He conducted the first experiments on memory to help figure out why we forget things, and demonstrated the learning curve (which is the relationship between the increase or learning and experience)
Elizabeth Loftus:
Studied how memories can change after information is shared with eyewitnesses and demonstrated the Misinformation Effect (A process in which new information alters the way previous information is held in memory)
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