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Semester Recap, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are co-dependent…

- - - - Adhesion
      - Floating ice
      - Specific heat
      - Cohesion
      - Other types of Bonds
        
        Covalent Bonds
        
        atoms share electrons
        
        Ionic Bond
        
        When one atoms steals one electron from another atom, forms between oppositely charged atoms
    - - Types of chemical reactions
        
        Exergonic
        
        Endergonic
- - - - Occurs in the chloroplast
      - Reactants
        
        Carbon Dioxide
        
        Water
        
        Light Energy (Sunlight)
      - Products
        
        Glucose
        
        Energy
        
        Oxygen
  - - - ATP/Energy
      - Carbon Dioxide
      - Water
    - - Oxygen
      - Glucose
    - - Requires Oxygen
    - - No oxygen needed
        
        Creates energy in organism when no oxygen is present
        
        Lactic Acid Fermentation
        
        Alcohol Fermentation
        
        Main Agents
        
        Glucose
        
        Pyruvate
        
        Ethanol
        
        Others
        
        ADP
        
        NADH
        
        ATP
        
        NAD+
- - - - organelles
        
        Nucleus
        
        Nucleolus
        
        where ribosomes are prodcued
        
        holds the genetic material (DNA), controls cell activities
        
        Lysosomes
        
        contain enzymes and defend cell from bacteria and virus
        
        Smooth ER
        
        detoxifies the cell, and makes some lipids
        
        Rough ER
        
        ribosomes attached
        
        Ribosomes
        
        make protein
        
        Vacoules
        
        store materials
        
        Golgi apparatus
        
        packing center for the cell
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        fills space between membrane and nucleus
        
        Mitochondira
        
        powerhouse of the cell
        
        Cell Membrane
        
        protects the cell from unwanted things entering by being selectively permeable
        
        Diffusion
        
        movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
        
        Molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient
        
        Osmosis
        
        water molecules diffuse across semipermeable membrane from a high to a low concentration gradient
        
        Active transport
        
        drives molecules across a membrane from low concentration to a high concentration
        
        Requires energy
        
        ATP
    - - no organelles
      - DNA in cytoplasm
- - - - grows in size
      - makes more organelles
      - copies DNA
      - checkpoints
        
        Checkpoints detect if anything is wrong or missing in which case the cell goes back to fix it or if it not fixable it auto-destructs
        
        Cancer
        
        When errors go unnoticed it leads to cancer
        
        Cell duplicates uncontrollably leading to tumors
    - - Prophase
      - Prometaphase
      - Metaphase
      - Anaphase
      - Telophase
    - - Choose which DNA they must use in order to perform a specific job required by the organism