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Reasons for functional and demographic changes - Coggle Diagram
Reasons for functional and demographic changes
Physical
Location: proximity to large cities and core economic zones
Environment: places differ in attractiveness
Technology: lifts allowing high rise, and motorized vehicles, facilitating urban sprawl and counter-urbanisation. Fibre optic cables and broadband are shifting traditional landscapes and relationships
Accessibility
Access to other places: by road (especially motorway), rail and air
Connections: help competition for investment and visitors
Historical development
Post-production era: once key factors in many places; primary production (agriculture, farming, fishing) and manufacturing has ended.
Competition for the optimum site for functions: commercial, retail, residential, infrastructure. Land values and intensity of use historically increased towards the Central Business District (CBD) or the cor of a village (church, marketplace) because access for most people pre-motor vehicle age was best here.
Changes in consumer trends:
in retailing, from corner shop to supermarket to online shopping
in house types: increased demand for single homes due to demographic and cultural trends
role of big business and TNCs in shaping consumer demand and, hence, the character of places (cloned shopping malls).
Increased affluence has increases leisure and tourism functions, so many houses and buildings converted, such as bars, B&Bs, or second homes.
Historic buildings (ex-warehouses, canals, old market squares) can be a physical asset for places seeking regeneration. Conversely, large areas of derelict buildings and the legacy of toxic waste from manufacturing may be a deterrent
Role of planning by governments and other stakeholders
National government policies on restructuring the UK economy, trying to equalize the benefits and reduce the negatives. The 1990's policy of increasing student numbers so that 50% of children go on to higher education
A 'plan led' system with tight control over developments, zoning and segregating land use began from 1948. Green belts introduced and new and expanded towns were developed to relieve population pressure from larger cities. The policy of state-funded council housing, industry and transport shifted from the 1980s towards privatisation and greater partnerships with private investors and speculators
Conservation area policies limit new developments and encourage conversions rather than renewal schemes. National interests may override local ones, for example HS2 and fracking. Larger schemes must have an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Central government intervention in local places started to change in the late twentieth to early twenty-first century when the policy of 'localism' and individuality began
Local planning centres on elected parish and city councils, and on a few larger cities. There has been an increased input into local decisions through Local Area Plans and stakeholder meetings. The cumbersome planning process was streamlined in 2013, although criticized for fast tracking decision without full consultation
Image or the perception of a place may affect whether a place needs changing, or is able to change