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Chapters 1-3, Chapters 4-6, Chapters 7-9, Chapters 10-12, NAD+, Acetyl CoA…

- - - - Adhesion
      - Surface tension
    - - Less dense than at liquid state
  - - - Radioactive isotopes
      - Ions
      - Valance electrons
        
        Covalent bonds
        
        Non polar covalent bond
        
        Polar covalent bond
        
        Electronegativity
        
        Ionic bonds
- - - - Monosaccharides
      - Polysaccharides
        
        Dehydration synthesis
        
        Starch and glycogen
        
        Cellulose
        
        Chitin
      - Sugar
    - - Amino acids
        
        Peptide bonds
        
        R group
      - Denaturation
      - 4 Levels
    - - Fats
        
        Fatty acids
        
        Unsaturated fatty acid
        
        Saturated fatty acid
        
        Hydrogenated (trans fat)
      - Phospholipids
        
        Part of cell membrane
        
        Head is polar and hydrophilic
        
        Tail is nonpolar and hydrophobic
      - Steroids
        
        Anabolic steroids
        
        Cholesterol
    - - DNA
        
        Deoxyribose
        
        Adenine, thymine, guanin and cytosine
      - RNA
        
        Ribose
        
        Adenine, uracil, guanin and cytosine
      - Nucleotide and polynucleotide
        
        Sugar
        
        Phosphate group
        
        Nitrogenous base
- - - - Emergent properties
      - Ranges from biosphere to an atom
  - - - Forming and testing hyptheses
        
        Scientific approach
        
        Controlled experiments
        
        Independent variable
        
        Dependent variable
  - - - Darwin
        
        Artificial and natural selection
- - - - Organelle
    - - Chromosomes
        
        Ribosomes
        
        Cytoplasm
  - - - Vacuoles
        
        Central Vacuole
    - - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Glycoprotein
        
        Transport Vesicle
        
        Lysosome
      - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
      - Golgi Apparatus
  - - - Stroma
      - Thylakoids
        
        Granum
  - - - Centrosome
    - - Integrin
        
        Junctions
        
        Gap Junction
        
        Tight Junction
        
        Anchoring Junction
      - Cell Wall
        
        Plasmodesmata
- - - - Glycosis
        
        Pyruvate Oxidation
        
        Citric Acid
        
        Oxidative Phosphorylation
        
        Electron Transport Chain
        
        ATP Synthase
        
        Chemiosmosis
        
        FAD
        
        NAD+
        
        1 more item...
        
        Carbon Dioxide
        
        ATP
        
        Acetyl CoA
        
        Pyruvate
        
        H2O
        
        NADH
        
        Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
    - - Oxygen
        
        NADH & FADH2
- - - - Diffusion
        
        Passive Transport
        
        Concentration Gradient
      - Osmosis
        
        Tonicity
        
        Isotonic
        
        Flaccid or normal
        
        Hypertonic
        
        Shriveled
        
        Plasmolyzed
        
        Hypotonic
        
        Turgid or Lysed
        
        Osmoregulation
      - Facilitated Diffusion
        
        Aquaporin
      - Active Transport
      - Exocytosis
      - Endocytosis
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
      - Junction Protein
        
        Receptor Protein
        
        Attachment Protein
        
        Transport Protein
      - Glycoprotein
  - - - Thermal energy
        
        Heat
    - - Chemical energy
        
        Exergonic Reaction
        
        Endergonic Reaction
        
        Energy Coupling
        
        Metabolism
        
        Metabolic Pathway
    - - First law of thermodynamics
      - Second law of thermodynamics
        
        Entropy
    - - ATP
        
        Phosphorylation
        
        Transport Protein
  - - - Active Site
        
        Induced Fit
        
        Competitive Inhibitor
    - - Coenzyme
- - - - alleles
      - homozygous
        
        heterozygous
        
        dominant
        
        recessive
      - Punnett square
    - - genetics
        
        Pedigree
        
        carriers
        
        disorders
        
        Huntington’s disease
        
        recessive allele
        
        1 more item...
        
        sickle-cell disease
    - - hybrids
      - P generation
        
        F1 generation
        
        F2 generation
      - genetic cross
  - - - genotype
        
        locus
        
        law of independent assortment
        
        monohybrid cross
        
        dihybrid cross
        
        punnett square
        
        testcross
        
        rule of multiplication
        
        rule of addition
      - codominant
        
        complete dominance
        
        incomplete dominance
        
        ABO blood groups
      - pleiotropy
      - polygenic inheritance
      - wild-type
        
        mutant
  - - - linkage map
    - - sex-linked gene
      - autosomes
- - - - mesophyll
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        electromagnetic spectrum
        
        Wavelength
        
        photons
        
        thylakoid
        
        ATP
        
        NADP+
        
        NADPH
        
        photosystems
        
        photophosphorylation
      - stroma
        
        carbon fixation
      - C3 plants :
        
        C4 plants
        
        CAM plants
        
        photorespiration
        
        Stoma
- - - - cell cycle
        
        interphase
        
        G1
        
        S
        
        G2
        
        chromatin
        
        mitotic phase
        
        Mitosis
        
        prophase
        
        prometaphase
        
        metaphase
        
        2 more items...
        
        mitotic spindle
        
        2 more items...
        
        sister chromatids
        
        centromere
      - chromosomes
        
        somatic cells
        
        sex chromosomes
        
        dipoid
        
        ferilization
        
        zygote
        
        haploid
        
        gamete
        
        autosomes
        
        meiosis
        
        crossing over
        
        life cycle
        
        homologous chromosomes
        
        crossing over
        
        recombinant chromosome
        
        locus
        
        centromere
        
        issues with chromosomes
        
        trisomy 21
        
        down syndrome
        
        nondisjunction
        
        deletion
        
        inversion
        
        translocation
        
        karyotypes
    - - anchorage dependence
      - density-dep. inhibition
      - growth factor
        
        cell cycle control system
        
        tumer
        
        benign tumor
        
        malignant tumor
        
        cancer
        
        metastasis
- - - - cytosine (C)
        
        guanine (G)
        
        thymine (T)
    - - polynucleotide
        
        deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
        
        ribose nucleic acid
        
        sugar-phosphate backbone
        
        uracil (U)
        
        double helix
    - - phage
  - - - DNA ligase
        
        DNA polymerase
  - - - translation
        
        gene
        
        ribosome
        
        rRNA
        
        start codon
        
        p site
        
        1 more item...
        
        mutations
        
        silent mutation
        
        missense mutation
        
        nonsense mutation
        
        frameshift mutation
        
        mutagens
        
        tRNA
        
        anticodon
      - RNA polymerase
        
        terminator
        
        prometer
    - - exons
        
        introns
        
        RNA splicing
  - - - lysogenic cycle
        
        prophage
    - - AIDS
        
        retrovirus
        
        reverse trnascriptase
    - - transduction
        
        conjugation
        
        plasmid
        
        R plasmid
        
        F factor
- - - - DNA technology
    - - gene engineering
    - - DNA ligase
        
        Clone
        
        gene cloning
      - plasmid
    - - restriction sites
        
        restriction fragments
    - - complementary DNA
  - - - transgenic organism
  - - - primers
    - - repetitive DNA
      - STR analysis
  - - - proteomics
      - HGP
- - - - operon
        
        promoter
        
        operator
        
        repressor
        
        regulatory gene
        
        activator
      - miRNA
        
        siRNA
      - homeotic gene
    - - differentiation
        
        nucleosome
        
        epigenetic inheritance
        
        x chromosome inactivation
        
        Barr body
        
        histone
    - - enhancers
        
        alternative RNA splicing
    - - DNA microarray
  - - - regeneration
    - - reproductive cloning
    - - therapeutic cloning
        
        adult stem cells
        
        carcinogen
  - - - proto-oncogene
        
        tumor-suppressor gene