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INTELLIGENCE, THEORIES AND MEASUREMENT :PENCIL2: SPA2 LECTURE 3 - Coggle…
INTELLIGENCE, THEORIES AND MEASUREMENT :PENCIL2: SPA2 LECTURE 3
Early History of Testing
Alfred Binet
France, circa 1904
- Father of IQ testing
- Developed concept of ‘mental age’
- Viewed intelligence as malleable
- Developed the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence.
Testing in the USA
Lewis Terman
USA, circa 1916
- Revised Binet’s scales for U.S.
- Added new items - different population
- Established new age norms
- Stanford-Binet scale
- Popularised the term IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
- Intelligence Quotient = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
- E.g. a 4 year old who can answer questions that a typical 6 year old could answer would have an IQ of 150.
Spearman's g
- Noted a positive correlation between different intelligence-related test scores.
- Theorised that one factor explained this: general intelligence, or g
- “Bell curve” - IQ scores fit along a normal distribution.
David Wechsler
- Devised standardised instruments to test intelligence:
- Still used today.
- Average score = 0
- -VE scores are lower than average, +VE scores are higher than average.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- (Actual Test Score / Expected Score for that Age) x 100 then standardised.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Structure of the WAIS
Components...
- Vocabulary
- E.g. What does ‘presumptuous’ mean?
- Similarities
- What do two words have in common (E.g. apple/pear?)
- Block Design
- Reproduce patterns using blocks
- Matrix Reasoning
- Find the missing element in a pattern
- Digit Span
- Repeat these numbers (E.g. 4-8-1-3-2-1-6-8-7)
- Symbol Search
- Select from pairs of symbols which one occurs in a list as quickly as you can
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Theories of Intelligence
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Vernon's Hierarchical Theory of Intelligence
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Changes in Intelligence
Individual Stability of Intelligence…
- All Scottish schoolchildren tested in 1932, then in 1998.
- Slight increase (age-related)
- Quite stable r ~.60
The Flynn Effect (1984, 1987)
- IQ tests need to be re-normalised periodically in order to hold the average score at 100.
- Made Flynn suspicious:
- Does IQ increase across generations?
- Yes, by about 10 IQ points
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