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Impact of global climate change on biosphere and agriculture - Coggle…

- - - - If temperatures rise by 3°C
        
        Negative externalities
        
        Changing temperatures will cause food shortages in counties where the food supply is already unstable e. g. Subsaharan Africa
        
        If temperatures rise by 3°C, 550 million people could be exposed to hunger
        
        Rising temperatures will cause countries with seasonal crops to stick to one crop (likely crops that are grown in summer). Rising temperatures will also cause the fertile land to lose its fertility.
        
        If temperatures rise by 3°C, there will be a 35 per cent drop in yields across Africa and the Middle East
        
        It is observed that the taste of agricultural products do to shortening growing times will change. As an example, the taste of grapes is more bitter than usual, because of the lack of nutrients and so on
        
        Positive externalities
        
        Changing temperatures will cause some biomes to take up more land area than others. The plants that grow in the expanding biomes will be more suitable for growing and farming.
        
        Soybean and rice yields will increase by more than 7%
        
        Higher temperatures will decrease the time of growing. This, however, will come at a cost (products quality e.g. taste)
        
        The growing season length of crops like maize, rice will decrease by more than 8 days.
      - If temperatures rise by 2°C
        
        Positive externalities
        
        Higher temperatures will decrease the time of growing. This, however, will come at a cost (products quality e.g. taste)
        
        If temperatures rise by 2°C, the growing season length will decrease by 8 days ((McSweeney, 2021))
        
        It is observed that the taste of agricultural products do to shortening growing times will change. As an example, the taste of grapes is more bitter than usual, because of the lack of nutrients and so on
        
        Negative externalities
        
        Rising temperatures will cause countries with seasonal crops to stick to one crop (likely crops that are grown in summer). Rising temperatures will also cause the fertile land to lose its fertility.
        
        If temperatures rise by 2°C, global average crop yield of maize will drop by 9% till 2100 ((McSweeney, 2021))
        
        Changing temperatures will cause food shortages in counties where the food supply is already unstable e. g. Subsaharan Africa
        
        If temperatures rise by 2°C, 200 million more people could be exposed to hunger
    - - Heat waves, which are projected to increase under climate change, could directly threaten livestock
        
        Heat stress affects animals both directly and indirectly. Over time, heat stress can increase vulnerability to disease, reduce fertility, and reduce milk production.
      - Drought may threaten pasture and feed supplies
        
        Drought reduces the amount of quality forage available to grazing livestock. Some areas could experience longer, more intense droughts, resulting from higher summer temperatures and reduced precipitation. For animals that rely on grain, changes in crop production due to drought could also become a problem.
      - Climate change may increase the prevalence of parasites and diseases that affect livestock
        
        The earlier onset of spring and warmer winters could allow some parasites and pathogens to survive more easily. In areas with increased rainfall, moisture-reliant pathogens could thrive
    - - Many aquatic species can find colder areas of streams and lakes or move north along the coast or in the ocean
        
        Nevertheless, moving into new areas may put these species into competition with other species over food and other resources
      - Some marine disease outbreaks have been linked with changing climate
        
        Higher water temperatures and higher estuarine salinities have enabled an oyster parasite to spread farther north along the Atlantic coast. Winter warming in the Arctic is contributing to salmon diseases in the Bering Sea and a resulting reduction in the Yukon Chinook Salmon, Finally, warmer temperatures have caused disease outbreaks in coral, eelgrass, and abalone
      - Changes in temperature and seasons can affect the timing of reproduction and migration
        
        Many steps within an aquatic animal's lifecycle are controlled by temperature and the changing of the seasons. For example, in the Northwest warmer water temperatures may affect the lifecycle of salmon and increase the likelihood of disease. Combined with other climate impacts, these effects are projected to lead to large declines in salmon populations
  - - - Rising temperatures cause the water cycle to accelerate. A higher level of temperature causes the land to lose water by vapour quicker thus the soil is drying up quickly.
      - Higher temperatures cause the soil to lose its natural vegetation protective layer. Thus the impact of floods, high levels of precipitation is more severe.
- - - - For example, biomes in Sahel, Sudan, Guinea zones faced temperature change of 0.4°C and precipitation change of -48% which resulted in loss of plant cover and increase in grass cover
    - - For example, biomes in Italy and Spain faced temperature change of ~1°C and precipitation change of around -4% which resulted in biomes altitudinal shift
      - High altitude biomes may be lost as they have nowhere to move to
  - - - polewards
        
        In North America there is migration from South part to North part, polewards.
      - to higher elevation
        
        In South America, there’s moving west out of the Amazon basin to higher elevations.