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THE CATHOLIC MONARCH AND THEGREAT EXPEDITIONS, 1.1. THE DYNASTIC UNION OF…
THE CATHOLIC MONARCH AND THEGREAT EXPEDITIONS
1.2. DOMESTIC REFORMS
The Catholic Monarchs carried out a series of domestic reforms to centralise power.
To weaken the power of the nobility:
A permanent army was formed with professional soldiers (mercenaries), which could overpower the militias of the nobility
Permission was obtained from the Pope to place Military Orders under the monarchs' control (including the lands and properties they obtained).
Territories. The most important one was the Council of Castilla (or Royal Council). Those of Aragón and Navarra (after it was conquered) were also important. Trained officials began to replace the nobles in these institutions.
Specific matters. The Castilian military orders were managed by the Council of Military Orders. The Council of the Supreme Inquisition dealt with matters concerning morals and faith.
The royal treasury was given greater powers to control and administrate tax collection.
Councils of experts were appointed to advise the monarchs about:
The judicial system of Castilla was restructured through the audiencias (appellate courts) of Valladolid and Granada, whose judges appointed the kings.
A militia, the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), was created to fight crime and keep the peace in rural Castilla.
To reduce the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy:
The power of the General Courts was reduced.
The position of viceroy was created. This figure represented the monarchs in each of their kingdoms in their absence.
The Inquisition was established in the kingdom of Castilla in 1478 and was reformed in Aragón to persecute false conversions. It was a religious court, although it was controlled by the Crown.
To restrict the autonomy of the urban oligarchies:
In Castilla, the monarchs appointed the mayors, who ran the city councils.
In Aragón, the sortition system, where local governors were selected by lottery, was maintained.
To improve international relations:
The diplomatic corps, which represented the monarchs in other kingdoms, was expanded.
Castilla became an authoritarian monarchy. However, the Crown of Aragón maintained the pact tradition, meaning that the king made decisions with the approval of the regional institutions.
1.3. RELIGIOUS POLICY
One of the Catholic Monarchs’ main political objectives was to establish religious unity in their domains.
Their aim was to prevent revolts and internal divisions. In order to do this, the Jews and Muslims were expelled.
1.4. FOREIGN POLICY
The Catholic Monarchs' main objectives
the unification of the Iberian Peninsula
the isolation of France
the consolidation of the Crown of Aragón
the expansion across the Atlantic
Diplomatic
Union with Portugal
Isolation of France
Military main conquests
On the Iberian Peninsula
In 1492
In 1512
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
Northern Africa. Between 1497 and 1510
Italy.
The Atlantic Ocean.
1.5. ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
Crown of Castilla
The exportation of wool was very important.
In 1494, Burgos Consulate was founded to control the exportation of wool from the Cantabrian ports
During the 16th century, the main source of wealth was precious metals (gold and silver) from the Americas
Crown of Aragón
These abuses were taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures imposed by the feudal lords and led to a peasant uprising called the War of the Remences.
Trade in the Mediterranean benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón. The main ports were Valencia and Barcelona.
1.6. ART AND CULTURE
The Spanish Renaissance had the following characteristics:
The increase in the importance of the Castilian language.
The founding of new universities and the spread of the printing press.
The most important humanist was Juan Luis Vives,
The Gothic artistic style was maintained.
In architecture, the main Gothic works of art were commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs
In sculpture, the Italian Domenico Fancelli was a very important artist.
In painting, the works of Pedro Berruguete were greatly influenced by the Flemish style.
1.1. THE DYNASTIC UNION OF CASTILLA AND ARAGÓN
In 1469 Ferdinand (the king of Aragon) and Isabella (the queen of Castilla) married
When the Ferdinand's fother died there was a war that Isabella won, and Ferdinand became the king of Aragon
