• mix of clay and lime bearing - calcinate to 1400 C and grind to fine powder - primary composition are tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate

• Produces a paste which hardens - hardening occurs due to hydration - forming 2CaO.SiO2.XH2O

Preparation of material via crushing/grinding or chemical treating to separate phases to achieve purity

after forming green ceramic body, it has to go through sintering or firing process to reduce surface energy (both clay and non-clay composition)

the function is to bond individual grains, increase density, and reduce porosity

finishing is required to improve dimensional accuracy, improve surface and make minor changes in geometry

glass is an inorganic solid material that is made of natural material

they can be hard.brittle, chemically inert, impermeable, insulation, and transparent

main component is silica and it has high purity, good transparency, high softening point, chemically durable, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and expensive to produce

used in laboratory glasses, lenses, telescope mirrors, optical fibres

most common glass made of silica, sodium oxide and calcium oxide which has low softening point, high thermal coefficient and low chemical resistance

uses in window panes, light bubs, bottles and glass container

boron oxide added into soda lime glass which makes it low thermal expansion, high softening point, resistant to thermal shock and chemical attack.

laboratory glass, cookware and glass container.

made by adding lead oxide and potassium oxide which has relatively soft surface with high refractive index, high density and attractive glittery appearance

used for decorative glass like chandeliers

inorganic non-metallic sold compound which are hard strong, brittle, chemically inert, high melting point, heat and electrical insulators, opaque and porous

ceramic are used in construction, decorative, electrical insulator, medical field and advance composites

ceramic material produced by conversion of glass into polycrystalline structure through heat treatment

grain size of 01-1micron, fine crystal structure which makes the glass stronger than typical glass (up to 98% crystalinity)

• the glass is heated and shaped. Then, it is cooled down and reheated again to form a dense network of crystal nuclei and thanks to nucleation agents as titanium oxide, the crystallinity is increased

• high sealing properties, high mechanical strength, low thermal expansion, high thermal shock, good dielectric value, good biological properties, low prosoty

• construction, consumer. electronic components, medical field, and engineering components

CVD is where the vapor of reactant chemically reacts at the surface of substrate to form high purity, high performance film.

• first reactant are transport by forced convection to the deposition region. reactant got diffused from main gas stream to boundary layer of wafer.

• adsorption of reactants on surface of wafer. Chemical decomposition, surface migration to attachment sites and other surface reactions occurs here.

• Desorption of by-products from the surface. the by-product is then transported by diffusion of boundary later back to the main gas stream.

• transport of byproduct by forced convection away from deposition region

• the process of CVD includes flow rate of the reactant gases, the nature and flow rate of any carrier gasses, the pressure in reaction vessel and the temp.

• substrate heating is needed for this endothermic reaction which has high yeild

CVD is very slow, very thin film, not suitable for mixture of material and got material limitation

high range of material, high purity, high densty

reaction between molten metal and a gas. Oxidation of molten metal by a gas has been developed for porous dense production.

the filler and metal alloy are heated to the growth temperature where the oxidation process occurs from metal surface and into preform

DMO process is when the molten metal meets the preform where reaction of a molten metal with an oxidizing gas. the preform of dispersed phase is placed on the surface of parent molten metal in an atmosphere of oxygen

two condition is needed for this case and that is to have dispersed phase wetter by the formed oxide ceramic and the dispersed phase to not oxidize in an atmosphere of oxygen.

liquid metal oxidizes when it is in contact with oxygen forming thin layer of ceramic. The capillary effect forces the melt to penetrate through the porous ceramic layer.

the temp has to be in the range of 900 - 1500 C where the alloy contains a few percent of Mg and IVA element group. the oxide coating contains small pores which molten metal is drawn up to the top surface of the film, thereby continuing oxidation process.

as long as the molten and the oxidizing gas are available to sustain the process and the temperature is maintained, the reaction product continues to grow until the desired thickness. the two phase are oxidant product and unreacted product

low productivity rate but cheaper capitol cost

Fabrication route where a porous ceramic preform becomes dense ceramic covalent ceramic by reacting with fluid. Commonly, the process is accompanied by little or no shrinkage.

Reaction between a solid and liquid where a mixture of SiC particles, carbon and polymeric binder is formed into green body by pressing, extrusion or injection molding. then binder is the burned off by pyrolysis which the preform is infiltrated with liquid Si. then the SiC is formed via infiltration and reaction processes

Silicon powder is consolidated by pressing method and then green body is preheated in argon for 1200C where then machined to proper dimension and finally component heated in N2 at up to 1400 C. this nitridation process helps the formation silicon nitride

Reaction bonded aluminium oxide is where both gas-solid and gas liquid reaction take place. The process utilizes oxidation of powder Al. During heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere, the Al oxidizes to nano sized which undergoes phase transformation.

solution of metal compounds/ suspension in liquid is converted into a highly viscous mass. usage of metal alkoxides, a derivative an alcohol. Water is added either in the pure state/ dilute alcohol. Hydrolysis and condensation reaction occurs in stiring temp and suitable concentration of reactants and pH of the solution.

solution hydrolysis to sol then gelation to particulate gel then dried to dried gel and fired to dense product

or

solution hydrolysis and condensation to solution of polymers and then gelation to polymeric gel and dried to dried gel and fired to dense product

high purity, good chemical homogeneity, fine porosity, lower densification temp

starting materials fairly expensive, difficulties of conventional drying which causes warping,shrinkage and cracking

Refers to the pyrolytic decomposition of metal organic polymer to form precursors to ceramic

preceramic polymer is used as precursors and this process route has been applied to the production of nonoxide ceramic fibers in particular fibers of to silicon based ceramics

condensation reaction between Na and dimethyldicholorsilane in xylene to produce poly dimethylsilane and then dissolves in organic solvent and pyrolysis to SiC

reaction to produce SiN is when a preceramic polymer which is prepared by the ammonolysis of methylchlorosilanes is followed by the polymerization of silazane product and the pyrolysis to form SiN.

easy to process, relatively low temp, toxic component degrade at high temp, reduction in water volume due to high operating temp.

High operational and investment costs, air purification is needed to treat the gas from pyrolysis and produce ashes of high heavy metal content

this method involves melting a batch of raw materials followed by shape forming and this method is limited to fabrication of glass

i) a lower temp hold to induce nucleation of crystals. ii) one or higher temp to promote crystal growth on glass

has good economical value while providing improved properties of glass (refer to glass-ceramic)

widely used for polycrystalline ceramics which involves consolidation of fine particles(form porous shaped powder) and firing to produce a dense product

densification and coarsening occur here to achieve high densification while reducing the driving force for densification

domination of densifying diffusion processes will favor the production of a dense body and when coarsening processes dominate high porous body

solution for is to do liquid phase sintering or pressure sintering

viscous sintering is also one of the solution

low cost, safe, can use in most cases, can be recycled and filtration however cannot be applied at certain temps and takes time to dry.

achieve high solid loading, fast drying, high boiling temp but can be toxic, dangerous and expensive.

plasticity, flocculation, thickening, liquid retention

small liquid molecules added in by little to plastics or ceramic to reduce van der Waals forces to soften the polymer binder and increase its flexibility

additive that reduces surface tension of solutiopn and promote formation of foams

usually the powders are mixed with water temporarily to bind the particles together and after shaping the will sintered to remove any water

the raw material usually are reduce to powder from many method and this is then added all kind of additives to form proper composition

most traditional ceramics , water plays the main role therefore once drying, will leave lot of interparticle space

thus drying is done in two stages of rapid drying and slow drying to prevent much shrinkage effect

this is the heat treatment process that sinters the ceramic material and it is performed in a furnace called a klin and this is where ceramic grains form bond and densification occur while porosity reduces

surface coating mather improve the color, waterproof, increase wear resistance

piece is fired before glazing, then glaze is applied and the fired again to harden glaze