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Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Immune System
Leukocytes
Include B & T cells, types of white blood cells that are key to immune defense. These cells come from stem cells in the bone marrow & either migrate and mature in the thymus to become T-cells, or they remain and mature in the bone marrow to become B-cells.
Neutrophils are the most common phagocytic cell in the human body and signals from infected tissue to attract harmful bodies to then engulf and destroy them.
Macrophages are large phagocytic cells that travel throughout the body or reside permanently in certain tissues. They are often found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissue.
Monocytes are a large phagocytic white blood cell that has a simple oval nucleus and a clear and gray cytoplasm.
Eosinophil is a phagocyte that has a specific role: to defend multicellular invaders like parasites. They position themselves against the parasite's body and discharge a destructive enzyme that damages it.
Dendritic cells are a type of phagocyte that populate tissues that they are in contact with the environment. They stimulate the development of acquired immunity against microbes.
Pathogens
A disease-causing organism, could be bacteria, protozoa, viruses, or fungi,
Bacteria are prokaryotes without a real nucleus and that divide by binary fission. They can cause food poisoning, etc.
Viruses are acellular and are non-living; they need a host cell to carry functions of life and to reproduce. They can have DNA or RNA in their capsule, and they mutate and evolve quickly. They can cause the flu, HIV/AIDS, etc.
Fungi are eukaryotes that reproduce with spores. They can cause athlete's foot, mould, ringworms, etc.
Protozoa are simple parasites that can cause malaria, toxoplasmosis, etc.
Vaccines
Innate immunity: found in all animals, responses are active immeditately upon infection & are the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously. Includes the barrier defenses & defenses within the body. Detects a vast range of pathogens and has a faster response.
Acquired/adaptive immunity: only in vertebrates, responses are activated after innate immune defenses. These responses are enhanced if the organism has had previous encounters with the pathogen. This system detects pathogens more slowly but very meticulously.
Vaccines allow people to become immune to a disease without experiencing it. They contain antigens that should not cause symptoms in healthy people. They issue a primary immune response and produce memory cells that produce antibodies. When he real pathogen is exposed, the memory cells are triggered, a secondary immune response.
Primary immune response: The production of effector cells from a clone of lymphocytes during the first exposure to an antigen, peaking after about 10-17 days after initial exposure. If an individual is exposed again to the antigen, the response is faster, at 2-7 days.
Secondary immune response: This response relies on the reservoir of T-memory and B-memory cells generates following the initial exposure to the antigen, the fastest response at 2-7 days.
Antibodies
When certain foreign species are recognized, the body's immune response is to produce antibodies.
Antibodies are specific to antigen and the ABO-blood-type-system uses the presence of antigens to determine blood type.
Histamine is an important inflammatory signal, stored in mast cells. The release of this molecule at the damaged tissue triggers blood vessels nearby to become more permeable.
Antibiotics
Soluble form of antigen receptors secreted from plasma cells that recognize epitopes of an antigen.
They are drugs used in the treatment and prevention of prokaryotic bacteria. They are designed to disrupt structure or metabolic pathways in harmful bodies. Viruses lack a metabolism and therefore cannot be treated with antibiotics.
Frequent use and abuse of antibiotics may lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria; the bacteria may mutate and resist to certain antibiotics.
Types of barriers
Physical barriers include: mucous membranes (sticky mucus, unfavorable pH for pathogens, lysozymes, natural organisms) and skin (continuous, tough, dry, unfavorable pH for pathogens, lysozymes, and other natural organisms help).
Type of seal of a wound: blood clot, where platelets release clotting factors in response to a wound to seal it. The clotting factors cause a series of actions ending in fibrin fibers sealing the wound by capturing blood cells and forming a clot.
Methods of transmission
Inhaled droplets (influenza), direct contact (herpes), bodily fluid (HIV), animal vectors (rabies), blood contact (HepB), or ingestion (salmonella)