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Chapter 6: In this chapter, we learned about the physiology of bones. By…

- - - - nondisplaced: ends retain normal position
      - displaced: ends are out of normal alignment
    - - complete:broken all they way through bone
      - incomplete: not broken all the way through bone
    - - Open: skin penetrated
      - Closed: skin not penetrated
  - - - endochondral ossification: bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, form most of the skeleton
        
        1.bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model
        
        central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies and dies, then develops cavities
        
        periosteal bud invades cavitie, forming spongy bone
        
        diaphysis elongates, and medullary cavity froms
        
        epipyses ossify, hyaline cartilage remains in epipyses plates and articular cartialges
      - intramembranous ossification: bone develops fibrous membrane
        
        ossification centers are formed when mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblasts
        
        osteoid is secreted the calcified
        
        woven bone is formed when osteoid is laid down around blood vessels, resulting in trabeculae
        
        compact and spongy bone form, and red marrow appears
    - - long bones grow length wise by interstitial growth
      - bones increase thickness through appositional growth
      - bones stop growing during adolescence
  - - - consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
      - occurs at surfaces of periosteum and endosteum
      - packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
      - occurs at different rates in different bones and even different parts of the same bones
    - - function of osteoclasts
      - secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix
      - digested products are released into interstitial fluid and then into blood
      - once resorption is complete osteoclasts undergo apoptosis
    - - function of osteoblasts
      - requires: vitamin D, vitamin C, calcium and phosphate
  - - - torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called hematoma
    - - capillaries grow into hematoma
      - fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
      - this mass of repair tissue is called fibrocartilaginous callus
    - - within one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus
      - callus is converted to bony calls of spongy bone
    - - osteoclasts remove excess bony material
      - compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
      - final structure resembles original structure because responds to same mechanical stressors
  - - - may be distal and proximal
    - - yellow and red bone marrow are in the open spaces of trabeculae
- - - - Mostly eats junk food
      - Child does not consume enough calcium