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CompTia A+ 1001 (3.0 Hardware (3.6 Explain the purposes and uses of…

- - - - Keyboard - keyboards get dirty quickly, maintain clean and most are replaceable.
      - Harddrive
        
        Solid State Drives Vs. Hybrid vs. Magnetic Disk
        SSD (Solid-state drive) - All memory, no moving parts - Silent, fast access time, less latency - 2.5 inch and 1.8 inch form factors
        Hybrid drive (SSHD) - Solid-state hybrid drive - Flash memory and hard drive storage - SSD caches the hard drive data
        Magnetic disk Traditional spinning drive platters
        
        1.8in vs. 2.5in
        
        Replacing Laptop Storage
        Can be very modular - Two screws and the drive slides out
        All internal - Open a cover on the back
        Open the entire laptop
      - Memory
        (SO-DIMM) Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module
        (Micro-DIMM) Micro-Dual In-line Memory Module
        Memory used in laptops and mobile devices
      - Smart Card Reader
        Integrated card reader - Built into the laptop
        External reader -USB connected
      - Optical Drive
        Too large for today’s portable devices - becoming difficult to find
        Often removable - Replace with other media•
        Read and write CD-RW/CD-ROM and DVD-RW/DVD-ROM In a portable device
      - Wireless card / Bluetooth Module - The Wireless / Bluetooth module are usually located net to he screen because of their connections.
      - Cellular Card - used to provide cellular network to a laptop
      - Video Card
        Often built into the processor - Not upgradable
        Sometimes part of the system board - Again, not upgradable
        Some laptops have upgradable video cards but not the slimline models
      - Mini PCIe - used for graphic cards or network adapters.
      - Screen
        LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) - Light and high-resolution
        Very, very fragile - Get a good case!
        Resolutions are fixed -Changes to native resolution may look blurry or not as crisp
      - DC Jack
        Auto-switching or fixed input - Converts AC to DC - Input voltage - 110 volts / 220 volts
        DC jack on the laptop must be specific to the power supply type
      - Battery
        Lithium Ion (Li-ion)
        Common in consumer electronics -
        No “memory effect”
        Charging the battery diminishes capacity
      - Touchpad - similar to digitizer, replace with compatible part
      - Plastics Frames
        Lightweight, mobile
        Durable, difficult to break
        Inexpensive, cost-effective
        Metal Frame
        More durable than plastic
        Can be more difficult to repair
      - Speaker
        Self-contained - Portable audio
        Not the highest quality - Very small
        Often stereo (L/R) - May include a subwoofer!
      - System board
        Proprietary - Built to fit
        Replacement isn’t easy - Swap the entire board - Most components are on the system board
      - CPU
        Designed for mobility - Power management
        Integrated features - Memory controller, video controller
        Not very upgradable - Replaceable, but not upgradeable
        Often slower than desktops - Size and heat are disadvantages
  - - - Portable LCD
        Liquid crystal display - Light shines though liquid crystals
        Advantages
        Lightweight
        Relatively low power and relatively inexpensive
        Disadvantages
        Black levels are a challenge
        Requires separate backlight
        Florescent, LED, etc. / Difficult to replacen.
      - OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)
        Organic compound emits light when receiving an electric current
        Thinner and lighter - Flexible and mobile - no glass needed
        No backlight - The organic compound provides the light
        Not quite ready for laptops
        Organic materials degrade over time -
        Decayed images can remain on the screen - More costly and power hungry than LCD
  - - - Dual Displays
        Toggle between LCD / External monitor / both
        LCD switch
        The "refrigirator door" effect - Physical switch on older systems - Internal magnetic switch on newer portable systems - Set functionality in the BIOS utility.
      - Wireless (On/Off)
        Control your wireless signal
        Airplane mode, secure areas
        Physical switch
        Function Key
        May include 802.11, Bluetooth, and cellular - Look for the symbol or status light
      - Cellular (On/Off)
        Turn on/off Cellular services.
      - Volume Settings
        May be standalone key - Often included a mute option.
        Physical dial or button - may see visual feedback
      - Screen Brightness
        Control the backlight
        More light, more power - COnserver your battery
      - Bluetooth (On/Off)
        Turn on/off Bluetooth feature.
      - Keyboard Backlight
        An option on many laptops - see in the dark
        Intensity - Duration - Disable
      - Touchpad (on/off)
        Enable and disable
        Avoid inadvertent mouse clicks and movements
      - Screen Orientation
        Rotate the screen - Useful on rotating tablet / laptops
        Landscape to portrait
      - Media Options (fast forward)
        Control audio and video from your keyboard
        Play, stop, rewind, fast foward, mute
      - GPS (on/off)
        Listen for GPS signals
      - Airplane mode - saves battery, network cutoff to stop interference with other network communications.
  - - - Smart Watches
        An extention of your phone and body
      - Fitness monitors
        Track heart rate, steps, sleep patterns, and more
      - VR headsets
        Replace reality with a computer-generated version - Input from the real world interacts with the virtual world.
        Many different applications - Gaming, industry design, art - Enhanced video and image viewing
        AR headsets
        Overlay a virtual augmentation with the physical world - the computer provides additional detail
        Used in medical, travel, gaming
  - - - Wired
        
        Micro-USB/Mini-USB
        Picture of USB Connectors
        EU standardized on Micro-USB - Common now worldwide
        Older Devices may use Mini-USB - Slighty larger
        USB-C
        24-pin double sided USB connector - Used for both hosts and devices
        Acts as a USB 3.1/USB 2.0 connection - Only the interface is different
        Includes an analog audio option - headset support through a 3.5 mm
        
        Lighting
        Apple proprietary - 8 pin digital signals - iphone, ipad, ipod devices
        Some advantages over Micro-USB - Higher power output for phones and tablets - Can be inserted either way (non-directional) - Simpler design, more durable
        
        Tethering
        Physically connect a device to your mobile phone - Use the Internet / data connection
        Enable Internet access from almost anywhere - May require service or configuration by wireless carrier
        
        Proprietary vendor-specific ports (Communication / Power)
        Early mobile technology was all about cables - One cable for power - A completely different cable for data
        Every manufacturer was different - Intentionally
        The EU changed things - Common external power supply for all data-enabled mobile phones sold in the European Union
      - Wireless
        
        (NFC) Near Field Communication
        Send small amounts of data wirelessly over a limited area - Built into your phone
        Payment systems, transportation, in-person information exchange
        Access token, identy "card" - Short range with encryption support
        
        Bluetooth
        High-Speed communication over short distances - PAN (Personal Area Network)
        Connects our mobile devices - SMartphones - Tethering - Headsets and headphones - Health monitors - Automobile and phone integration - Smartwatches - External speakers
        
        IR (Infrared)
        Included on many smartphones, tablets and smartwatches - Not really used for file transfers and printing
        Control your entertainment center - Almost exclusively IR
        
        Hotspot
        Turn your phone into a wifi hotspot - Your own personal wireless router - Extend the cellular data network to all your devices
        Dependent on phone type and provider - May require additional charges and data costs
    - - Headsets
        Hands-free audio - Earphones and microphone
        Wired - Connects to TRRS (Tip-Ring-Ring-Sleeve) connector
        Wireless - Bluetooth headsets
      - Speakers
        Mobile audio - Battery powered
        Wireless connection - Bluetooth link
        Stereo sound - small package
      - Game Pads
        Gaming console feel - Mobile phone or tablet
        Connect with Bluetooth - Wireless connectivity
      - Extra battery packs / battery chargers
        Power is key - and in short supply
        Swappable battery pack - Carry an extra or two
        External USB chargers - Phones and tablets - and any other USB devices
      - Protective covers / Waterproofing
        Screen protector - Avoid scratches - may be difficult to install
        Device protector - Wrap the entire device - Waterproofing options available - Can create problems for docking stations
      - Credit Card readers
        Phone or tablet becomes a point of sale terminal - Connections to audio/mic TRRS jack - Great for small and mobile business
        Uses the Internet link for approvals - Immediate feedback
        Additional Features - Email receipts - Sign with your finger
      - Memory / MicroSD
        Increase storage capacity of smartphone or tablet - Common on android devices - not available on iOS devices
        MicroSD cards - Small form factor, increasing capacities
  - - - Hotspot
        Turn your phone into a WiFi router
        You may have to pay extra charges
        Other devices connect to your phone via WiFi
      - Tethering
        Anchored to your mobile device
        Connect your laptop via USB or Bluetooth
        Single Connection
        May require additional services from phone provider
      - Airplane Mode
        One button turns off all radios - Cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, etc.
        You can re-enable individual features without enabling cellular features
        Useful when the airplane has WiFi
    - - Enable Bluetooth
        Settings / Bluetooth
      - Enable Pairing
        Set devices to discoverable mode - May require key sequence on Bluetooth devices
      - Find a device for paring
        Select discovered device - Many devices may appear!
      - Enter the appropriate pin code
        Enter or confirm PIN - Should be the same on both devices
      - Test Connectivity
        Devices should now communicate
    - - POP3 - Post Office Protocol
        Used for downloading mail to local mail client - Downloads and (optionally) deletes from server
        Configuration information - Name of POP3 server - Username and password
        Network Ports - Defined by your email provider - POP3: tcp/110
        SLL (Secure Socket Layer) settings - POP3S: tcp/995
      - IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol
        Access mail on a central server - Mail is usually stored on the server
        Supports folders and server-side searching
        Configuration information - Name of IMAP server - Username and password
        Network ports - Defined by your mail provider - IMAP: tcp/143
        SSL (Secure Socket Layer) settings - IMAPS: tcp/993
      - SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
        Send mail on a central server - You usually must send from a local or trusted device
        Unauthentication usually required - May be different credentials than the incoming mail
        Port numbers:
        SMTP (no authentication, relatively usused): tcp/25
        SMTP with authentication: tcp/587
      - Microsoft Exchange
        Enterprise email - Not a service for the phone
        More then just an email - Contact, Calendars, Reminders
        Configuration options - Email, server, domain, username, password
        Integrated message encryption with S/MIME
        S/MIME - Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
        Encrypt and digitally sign
    - - iCloud
        Apple Mail, IMAP4 support only
      - Google/Inbox
        Google email, splits inbox into tabs, IMAP4, POP3
      - Exchange Online
        IMAP4 and POP3 support - Hosted email
      - Yahoo
        IMAP4 and POP3 support
  - - - Synchronize to the cloud
        Completely hands-off - No physical cables, no local files - May be integrated into your
        Exchange or Gmail
        Choose provider network and/or WiFi
        Apple iOS
        Sync all data types to iCloud
        Complete backup and recovery
        Android
        Configure your Google account
      - Synchronize to the desktop
        Application requirements - OS and disk space
        Operating System - Mac, Windows - Synchronize to the desktop - Relatively modern versions
        Memory - Relatively minimal
        Storage space - Enough to store backups, video, pictures - You'll need quite a bit
        iOS - Apple iTunes - Syncs everything in the phone - Creates full backups on the computer
        Android - Syncs online with google - Use third-party apps like doubleTwist to transfer movies and music
      - Synchronize to the automobile
        Connect to your automobile over Bluetooth or wired cable - Extends the phone functionality into the vehicle
        Displays maps, control phone calls, play music - Big display screen, keep hands on the wheel
        iOS CarPlay, Android Auto - Synchronizes contact information, music, and other details - Shares phone information real-time - This could be a security issue in a rental car.
    - - Contacts
      - Applications
      - Email
      - Pictures
      - Music
      - Videos
      - Calendar
      - Bookmarks
      - Documents
      - Location Data
      - Social Media Data
      - E-Books
      - Passwords
- - - - 20 & 21 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
        tcp/20 (active mode data), tcp/21 (control) - Transfers files between systems
        Authenticates with a username and password - Some systems use a generic/anonymous login
        Full-Featured functionality - List, add, delete, etc.
      - 22 - SSH - Secure Shell
        Encrypted communication link - tcp/22
        Looks and acts the same as Telnet
      - 23 - Telnet
        Telnet - Telecommunication network - tcp/23
        Login to devices remotely
        Console access
        In-the-clear communication
        Not the best choice for production systems
      - 25 - SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol)
        Server to server email transfer - tcp/25
        Also used to send mail from a device to a mail server - Commonly configured on mobile devices and email clients
        Other protocols are used for clients to receive email - IMAP4, POP3
      - 53 - DNS - Domain Name Service
        Converts names to IP addresses - udp/53
        These are very critical recourses - Usually multiple DNS servers are in production
      - 80 - HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
        Hypertext Transfer Protocol - tcp/80
        Communication in the browser - and by other applications
        In the clear or encrypted - HTTPS - tcp/443
        Supported by nearly all web servers and clients
      - 110 - POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
        Receive emails from an email server - Authenticate and transfer
        POP3 - Post office protocol version 3 - tcp/110
        Basic mail transfer functionality
      - 143 - IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol version 4)
        IMAP4 - Internet Message Access Protocol v4 - tcp/143
        Includes management of email inbox - Includes management of email inbox from multiple clients
      - 443 - HTTPS (HTTP over Secure Sockets Layer) - Secure form of HTTP used commonly for Internet business transactions or any time when a secure connection is required. Uses port 443.
      - 3389 - RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)
        Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/3389
        Remote Desktop Services on many Windows versions
        Can connect to an entire desktop or just an application
        Clients for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, iPhone, Android, and others
      - 137, 138 & 139 - NetBIOS over TCP/IP (Network Basic Input / Output System) Using NetBIOS over TCP/IP
        udp/137 - NetBIOS name services (nbname)
        udp/138 - NetBIOS datagram services (nbdatagram)
        tcp/139 - NetBIOS session service (nbsession)
        Direct over tcp/445 (NetBIOS-less)
        Direct SMB communication over TCP without the NetBIOS transport
      - 445 - SMB (Server Message Block)
        Protocol used by Microsoft Windows - File Sharing, printer sharing
        Also called CIFS ( Common Internet File System)
      - 427 - SLP (Service Location Protocol)
        SLP (service Location Protocol) tcp/427 and udp/427
      - 548 - AFP (Apple Filling Protocol)
        File services in macOS - tcp/548
        Works with SLP (service Location Protocol) tcp/427 and udp/427
        Populates the list of available devices
        File management - copy, move, delete files
      - 67 & 68 - DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
        Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mask other options - udp/67, udp/68
        Requires a DHCP server
        Server, appliance, integrated into a SOHO router, etc
        Dynamic / pooled - IP addresses are assined in real-time from a pool - Each system is given a lease and must renew at set intervals
        DHCP reservation - Addresses are assigned by MAC address in the DHCP server
        Quickly manage addresses from one location
      - 389 - LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
        tcp/389
        Store and retrieve information in a network directory - Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory
      - 161 & 162 - SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
        Gather statistics from network devices - Queries: udp/161 Traps: udp/162
        v1 - The Original - Structured tables, in-the-clear
        v2 - a good step ahead - data type enhancements - Bulk transfers, still in-the-clear
        v3 - A secure standard - Message integrity - authentication, encryption
    - - TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
        Connection-Oriented - A Formal connection setup and close
        Reliable delivery - Recovery from errors - Can manage out-of-order messages or re transmissions
        Flow control - The receiver can manage how much data is sent
      - UDP - User Datagram Protocol
        Connectionless - No formal open or close to the connection
        Unreliable delivery - No error recovery - No reordering of data or retransmissions
        No flow control - Sender determines the amount of data transmitted
      - Speedy Delivery
        The IP delivery truck delivers from one (IP) address to another (IP) address - Every house has an address, every computer has an address
        Boxes arrive at the house / IP address - Where do the boxes go? - Each box has a room name
        Port is written on the outside of the box - Drop the box into the right room
  - - - Managed
        VLAN support - Interconnect with other switches via 802.1Q
        Traffic prioritization - Voice traffic gets a higher priority
        Redundancy support - Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
        External management - Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
        Port mirroring - Capture packets
      - Unmanaged
        Very few configuration options - Plug and Play
        Fixed configuration - No VLANs
        Very little integration with other devices - No management protocols
        Low price point - Simple is less expensive
  - - - Wired
        May not have have many options
        Ports configured for auto speed and duplex
        Speed: 10/100/1000
        Duplex: Half/Full
      - Wireless
        Enable/Disable
    - - Thermostat
      - Light Switches
      - Security Cameras
      - Door Locks
      - Voice-enabled, Smart Speaker / Digital Assistant
    - - How to configure DSL
    - - DMZ - Demilitarized Zone
        DMZ ports can be configured to allow unrestricted access - This is almost always a bad idea - Consider creating more specific port forwarding rules - or perhaps don't allow any access
      - Port Forwarding
        24x7 access to a service hosted internally - Web server, gaming server, security system, etc.
        External IP/port number maps to an internal IP/port - Does not have to be the same port number
        Also called Destination NAT or Static NAT - Destination address is translated from a public IP to a private IP
        Does not expire or timeout
        Port forwarding
      - NAT Network Address Translation
        It is estimated that there are over 20 billion devices connected to the internet (and growing) - IPv4 supports around 4.29 billion addresses
        The address space for IPv4 is exhausted - There are no available addresses to assign
        How does it all work? - Network Address Translation
        This isn't the only use of NAT - NAT is handy in many situations
        Configuring NAT
        For SOHO devices, this is automatic - Source NAT, also called PAT (Port Address Translation) - All internal devices are translated to a single external address
      - UPnP (Universal Plug and Play)
        Allows network devices to automatically configure and find other network devices - Zero-configuration
        Applications on the internal network can open inbound ports using UPnP - No approval needed - Used for many peer-to-peer (P2P) applications
        Best practice would be to disable UPnP - Only enable if the application requires it - and maybe not even then
      - Whitelist / Blacklist
        Content filtering, IP address ranges - Or combination
        Whitelisting
        Nothing pass through the firewall unless it's approved - Very restrictive
        Blacklisting
        Nothing on the "bad list" is allowed - Specific URLs - Domains - IP addresses
      - MAC (Media Access Control) Address Filtering
        Media Access Control - the "hardware" address
        Limit access through the physical hardware address - keeps the neighbors out - Additional administration with visitors
        Easy to find working MAC addresses through wireless LAN analysis - MAC addresses can be spoofed - Free open-source software
        Security through obscurity
    - - Encryption
        Not all of them may allow for the highest encryption
      - Channels
      - QoS (quality of service)
        Change the priority of your traffic - Voice is high, World of Warcraft is low
        Or Vice-Versa
        Prioritize applications, ports, or MAC addresses - A feature of high-end SOHO routers
        Be careful - You could accidentally cause applications to slow down
  - - - 54 Mbps - 300 Feet - 2.4Ghz
        SSID, Mac Filtering, Industry-Standard WEP, WPA, WPA2
        Improved Security, 14 Channels in 2.4Ghz - (only 11 usable due to FCC regulations) 3 Non-overlapping channels - 1, 6, 11
    - - 11 Mbps - 300 feet - 2.4Ghz
        SSID, Mac Filtering, Industry-Standard WEP, WPA, WPA2
        14 Channels in 2.4Ghz (only 11 usable due to FCC regulations) 3 Non-overlapping channels - 1, 6, 11
    - - 100+ Mbps - 300+ Feet - 2.4 & 5Ghz
        SSID, Mac Filtering, Industry-standard WEP, WPA, WPA2
        MIMO - Multiple antennas to increase range and speed.
    - - 54 Mbps - 150 Feet - 5Ghz
        SSID, Mac Filtering, Industry-standard WEP, WPA, WPA2
        8 Channels. Less prone to interference then b & g.
    - - 1+ Gbps - 300+ Feet - 5 Ghz
        SSID, Mac Filtering, Industry-standard WEP, WPA, WPA2
        Uses MU-MIMO and beam forming antenna technology to optimize wireless connections.
    - - 2.4 Ghz
      - 5 Ghz
    - - 802.11a - 20 MHz
        802.11b - 22 MHz
        802.11g - 20 MHz
        802.11n - 20 MHz or 40 MHz (two continous 20 MHz bonded channels) - In 2.4 GHz, a 40 MHz channel uses much of the available bandwidth
        802.11ac - 40 MHz for 802.11n stations - 80 MHz required for 802.11ac stations - 160 MHz optional (contiguous channels or non-contiguous bonded channels)
  - - - Web Server
        Respond to browser requests - Using standard web browsing protocols - HTML, HTML5
        Web pages are stored on the server - Downloaded to the browser - Static pages or built dynamically in real-time
      - File Server
        Centralized storage of document, spreadsheets, videos, pictures, and any other files
        Standard system of file management - SMB 445 (Server Message Block) - Apple filing protocol (AFP), etc.
        The front-end hides the protocol - Copy, delete, rename, etc.
      - Print Server
        Connect a printer to the network - Provide printing services for all network devices
        May be software in a computer - Computer is connected to the printer
        May be built-in to the printer - Network adapter and software
        Uses standard printing protocols - SMB (server message block) - IPP (Internet Printing Protocol) - LPD (Line Printer Daemon)
      - DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server
        Automatic IP address configuration
        Very common service - Available on most home routers
        Enterprise DHCP will be redundant - Usually running on central servers
      - DNS (Domain Name System) Server
        Convert names to IP addresses - and vice versa
        Distributed naming system - The load is balanced access many different servers
        Usually managed by the ISP or enterprise IT department - A critical resource
      - Proxy Server
        An intermediate server - Client makes the request to the proxy - The proxy performs the actual request - The proxy provides result back to the client
        Useful features - Access control, caching - URL filtering, content scanning
      - Mail Server
        Store your incoming mail - Send your outgoing mail
        Usually managed by the ISP or the enterprise IT department - A complex set of requirements
        Usually one of the most important services - 24 x 7 support
      - Authentication Server
        Login authentication to resources - Centralized management
        Almost always an enterprise service - Not required on a home network
        Usually a set of redundant servers - Always available - Extremely important service
      - SIEM Security Information and Event Management
        logging of security events and information
        Security alerts - Real-time information
        Log aggregation and long-term storage - Usually includes advanced reporting features
        Data correlation - Link diverse data types
        Forensic analysis - Gather details after an event
      - Syslog
        Standard for message logging - Diverse systems, consolidated log
        Usually a central logging receiver - Integrated into the SIEM
        You're going to need a lot of disk space - No, more. More than that.
        WORM drive technology - Write Once Read Many - DVD-R - Protect important security logs
    - - UTM - Unified Threat Management
        Next-generation firewall, UTM / Web security gateway
        URL filter / Content inspection
        Malware inspection, spam filter, CSU/DSU, router, switch, firewall, IDS/IPS, bandwidth shaper, VPN endpoint
      - IDS
        Network-based Intrusion Detection System
        Alarm or alert
        Intrusions - Exploits against operating systems, applications, etc. - Buffer overflows, cross-site scripting, other vulnerabilities
      - IPS
        Network-based Prevention System
        Prevention - Stop ot before it gets into the network
      - End-Point management server
        Manage all devices from one pane of glass -Software installations, driver installations, software updates, security patches, remote troubleshooting
        Requires an agent on the device - Server sends the commands - Agent executes the commands
  - - - Static - You may not your IP address to change
        Server, printer, or personal preference
        Disable DHCP on the device - Configure the IP address information manually - Requires additional administration
      - Dynamic
        DHCP assigns an IP address from the first available from a large pool of addresses - Your IP address will occasionally change
      - APIPA - Automatic Private IP Addressing
        A link-local address - No forwarding by routers
        IETF has reserved 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254 - First and last 256 addresses are reserved - Functional block of 169.254.1.0 through 169.254.254.255
        Automatically assign - Uses ARP to confirm the address ins't currently in use
      - Link Local
        Configure an IP reservation on the DHCP server - Associate a specific MAC address with an IP address
    - - The DHCP Process
        Step 1 Discover
        Step 2 Offer
        Step 3 Request
        Step 4 Acknowledge
        D.O.R.A
  - - - Cable modem
        Broadband - Transmission across multiple frequencies - Different traffic types
        Data on the "cable" network - DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service INterface Specification)
        High-speed networking - 4 Mbits/s through 250 Mbits/s are common - Gigabit speeds are possible
        Multiple services - data, voice
      - DSL modem
        ADSL (asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line - Uses existing telephone lines
        Download speed is faster than the upload speed (asymmetric) -
        ~10000 foot limitation from the central office (CO) - 52 Mbits/s downstream / 16 Mbit/s upstream are common -
        Faster speeds may be possible if closer to the CO
      - Dial Up
        Network with voice telephone lines - Analog lines with limited frequency response
        56 kbit/s modems - Compression up to 320 kbit/s
        Relatively slow throughput - Difficult to scale
        Legacy systems, network utility - May be difficult to find a modem
      - Fiber
        Fiber optics to the home - high speed networking
        Converged services - Voice, Video, Data
        Enhanced features - Hundreds of HD channels - 1Gbit/sec Internet access - 1 Terabyte of cloud storage - 2 Terabyte DVR
      - Satellite networking
        Communication to a satellite - Non-terrestrial communication
        High cost relative to terrestial networking - 50Mbit/s down, 3 Mbit/s up are common - Remote sites, difficult-to-network sites
        High Lantency - 250 ms up, 250 ms down
        High frequencies - 2GHz - Line of sight, rain fade
      - ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
        BRI - Basic Rate Interface (2B+D) - Two 64 Kbit/s bearer (B) Channels - One 16 Kbit/s signaling (D) channel
        PRI - Primary Rate Interface - Delivered over a T1 or E1 - T1 - 23B + D - E1 - 30B + D + alarm channel - Commonly used as a connectivity from the PSTN to large phone systems (PBX)
      - Cellular
        Mobile Devices
        Separate land into "cells"
        
        Tethering
        Turn your phone into a wireless router
        
        Mobile Hotspot
        Standalone devices - Use your phone for other things
      - Line-of-sight wireless Internet service
        Line-of-sight - Visual path between antennas - high frequencies
        Common in metropolitan areas - Cover many homes simultaneously
        Also options for non-line-of-sight - lower frequencies
        WiMAX networking - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access - Wireless high-speed Internet Access
    - - LAN - Local Area Network
        Local is relative
        A building or group of buildings - High-speed connectivity
        Ethernet and 802.11 wireless - Any Slower and it isn't "local"
      - WAN - Wide Area Network
        Spanning the globe
        Generally connects LANs across a distance - and generally much slower than the LAN
        Many different WAN technologies - Point-to-point serial, MPLS, etc. - Terrestrial and non-terrestrial
      - PAN - Personal Area Network
        Your own private network - Bluetooth, IR, NFC
        Automobile - Audio output - Integrate with phone
        Mobile phone - Wireless headsets
        Health - Workout telemetry, daily reports
      - MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
        A network in your city - Larger than a LAN, often smaller than a WAN
        Historically MAN-specific topologies - Everyone's moving to Metro Ethernet
        Common to see government ownership - They "own" the right-of-way
      - WMN - Wireless Mesh Network
        All devices connected together - All mesh "cloud"
        Self form - connects to each other automatically
        Self heal - Reacts autumatically to changes
        Many different network technologies - 802.11, Zigbee, Z-Wave, etc.
- - - - Ethernet
        Twisted pair Copper cabling
        Two wires with equal and opposite signals - Transmit +, Transmit -, / Receive +, Receive -
        Pairs in the same cable have different twist rates
        
        Cat 5 - 100BASE - 100 meters
        
        Cat 5e - 100BASE/1000BASE - 100 Meters
        
        Cat 6 - 10GBASET - 37 to 55 meters
        
        Plenum-rated cable
        Traditional cable jacket - Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
        Fire-rated cable jacket - Flourinated ethylene polymer (FEP) or low-smoke polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
        Plenum-rated cable may not be as flexible - May not have the same bend radius
        Worst-case planning - Important concerns for any structure
        
        STP - Shielded twisted Pair
        Additional shielding protects against interference
        Shield each pair and/or the overall cable
        Requires the cable to be grounded
        Unshielded and shielded cable
        U = Unshielded
        S = Braided shielding
        F = Foil shielding
        (Overall cable) / (Individual pairs) TP
        Braided shielding around the entire cable and foil around the pairs is S/FTP
        Foil around the cable and no shielding around the pairs is F/UTP
        
        UTP - Unshielded twisted Pair
        No additional shielding - the most common twisted pair cabling
        
        568 A/B
        Different pin assignments
        Many organizations traditionally use 568B
        Not interchangable
        568A
        White Green
        Green
        White Orange
        Blue
        White Blue
        Orange
        White Brown
        Brown
        568B
        White Orange
        Orange
        White Green
        Blue
        White Blue
        Green
        White Brown
        Brown
      - Fiber
        Transmission by light - The visible spectrum
        No RF signal - Very difficult to monitor or tap
        Signal slow to degrade - Transmission over long distances
        Immune to radio interference - There's no RF
      - Coaxial
        Two or more forms share a common axis
        RG-6 used in television / digital cable - and high-speed internet over cable
        RG-59 used as patch cables - not designed for long distances
      - Speed and transmission limitations
    - - VGA - VIdeo Graphic Array
        DB-15 connector - DE-15
        Blue color - PC System Design Guide
        Analog Signal - No Digital - Image degrades after 5 to 10 meters
      - HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface
        Video and audio stream - All digital, no analog - 20 meter distance before losing too much signal
        19 pin Type A connector - Proprietary connector
      - Mini-HDMI
        Type-C connector - Designed for smaller devices
      - DisplayPort
        VESA standard - Video Electronics Standards Association - A royalty-free standard
        Data is sent in packetized form - Like erthenet and PCI Express
        Compatible with HDMI and DVI - Passive adapter
      - DVI - Digital Visual Interface
        Single and Dual link
        Single link; 3.7 Gbps (HDTV at 60 fps)
        Dual link; 7.4 Gbps (HDTV at 85 fps)
      - DVI-DDVI-I
        DVI-A - Analog signals
        DVI-D - Digital signals
        DVI-I - Integrated - Digital and analog in the same connector
    - - Lighting
        Apple proprietary - 8-pin digital signals - iPhone, iPad, iPod devices
        Some advantages over Micro-USB - Higher power output for phones and tablets - Can be inserted either way - Simpler Design, more durable
      - Thunderbolt
        High-speed serial connector - Data and power on the same cable - Based on Mini DisplayPort (MDP) standard
        Thunderbolt v1 - Two channels - 10Gbit/s per channel - 20 Gbit/s total throughput - MiniDisplayPort connector
        Thunderbolt v2 - 20 Gbit/s aggregated channels - Mini DIsplayPort connector
        Thunderbolt v3 - 40 Gbit/s aggregated thoughput - USB-C connector
        Maximum 3 meters (copper) - 60 meters (optical), daisy-chain up to 6 devices
      - USB - Universal Serial Bus
        Simplify connections - Printers, storage devices, keyboard, mouse
        USB 1.1 - Low Speed: 1.5 megabits per second, 3 meters
        Full speed: 12 megabits per second, 5 meters
      - USB-C
        USB has a lot of different connectors - and they changed over time
        Can be annoying to connect USB-A - Directional plug
        USB-C isn't necessarily USB 3.1 - The cable must support the function - USB 3.1 speeds - Power delivery (>7.5 watts) - Alternate mode (additional data wires)
      - USB 2.0
        480 megabits per second, 5 meters
      - USB 3.0
        Superspeed - 5 gigabits per second, ~3 meters - Standard does not specify a cable length
        USB 3.1 and USB 3.2
        USB 3.1 - Released July 2013 - Superspeed+ - 10 Gbit / sec
        USB 3.2 - Released September 2017 - Superspeed+ over a USB-C connector - 10 Gbit/sec and 20 Gbit/sec
    - - Serial
        DB-9 serial cable connector
        D-sub-miniature or D-sub - Different sizes, A thought E
        Commonly used for RS-232
        Serial communications standard - Built for modems, printers, mice, networking
    - - SATA
        SATA Revision 1.0 - SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, 1 meter
        SATA Revision 2.0 - SATA 3.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter
        SATA Revision 3.0 - SATA 6.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter
        SATA Revision 3.2 - SATA 16 Gbit/s, 1meter
        SATA Data - SATA Power
      - IDE - PATA
        Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
        Parallel ATA (PATA)
        The evolution - Promised faster speeds - From 16 MB/s thought 133 MB/s - Additional Devices
        Now Called PATA
      - SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface
        Originally designed to string many peripherals together onto a single cable/controller - Up to 16 devices in a SCSI "chain"
        Advantages - Not just for harddrives - Scanners, tape drives, CD-ROM drives
        Many devices on a single bus - 8 on narrow bus - 16 on wide bus
        Very intelligent interface functionality - Much of the difficult configuration work is done between the SCSI devices
        Industry longevity - Well supported in the enterprise - A standard drive for virtual systems
        SCSI ID and Logical unit (LUN)
        Every SCSI device on a single bus is assigned a separate ID number - SCSI ID 0 (SCSI controller), ID 2 (Harddrive), ID 3 (CD-ROM)
        Logical units (LUNs) are defined within each SCSI ID - Separate drives in a storage array or virtual machine
        The signal at the "end" of a physical SCSI bus is terminated - Can be internal to the device or separate termination device
        Serial attached SCSI (SAS) devices have no jumpers, terminators, or settings.
        Serial attached SCSI
        Move from parallel to serial - increased throughput - Similar to the move from PATA to SATA
        Point-to-Point connection - No more daisy chains
        No termination required - the bus has two devices on it
        The Control and management of SCSI - The speed of a serial connection
    - - DVI to HDMI
        DVI-D and HDMI are electrically compatible
        HDMI is backwards compatible with DVI-D
        No signal conversion required
        No loss of video
      - USB to Ethernet
      - DVI to VGA
        DVI-A includes analog signals
        Backward compatible with VGA - Only 640 x 480 is officially supported
        May only need an adapter - Analog to analog
        VGA to DVI digital will need a converter - Check your interface specifications
  - - - SODIMM
        Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module - about half the width as a DIMM
        DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4 SDRAM
      - DDR2 - Double Data Rate 2
        Faster Speeds - Twice as fast as DDR
        Not backwards compatible - DDR2 won;t work in DDR slots
      - DDR3 Double Data Rate 3
        Twice the data rate of DDR2 - Larger chip capacities - Maximum 16 GB per DIMM
        No backwards compatibility - Speed brings sacrifice
      - DDR4 - Double Data Rate 4
        Speed increases over DDR3 - Faster frequencies - Maximum 64 GB per DIMM
        Again, no backwards compatibility
      - Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAM
        The memory on a DIMM
        Dynamic - Needs constant refreshing - Without refreshing, the data disappears
        Random Access - Any storage location can be accessed directly - Unlike magnetic take
      - DIMM - Dual In-Line Memory Module
        Electrical contacts are different on each side - 64 bit data width
      - SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM
        SDRAM is synchronous with the common system clock - Queue up one process while waiting for another - Classic DRAM didn't wait for a clock signal
  - - - CD-ROM - Compact Disc ROM
        CD-RW - Compact Disc Re-Writable
        700 Megabytes (MB) capacity
      - DVD-ROM - Digital Versatile Disc
        DVD-R - Digital Versatile Disc Read
        DVD-RW/DL - Digital Versatile Disc ReWritable / DL dual-layer
        4.7 gigabytes (GB) for single-layer
        8.5 GB for dual layer
      - Blu-ray
        25 GB for single-layer, 50 GB for dual-layer
      - BD-R - Blu-ray Disc Recordable
      - BD-RE - Blu-Ray Recordable Erasable
    - - M2 drives
        Smaller storage device - No SATA data or power cables
        Can use a PCI Express bus connection - 4 GByte/s
        Different connector types - Needs to be compatible with the slot key/spacer - B key, M key, or B and M key - Some M.2 drives will support both
        B-Key and M-Key
        M.2 doesn't guarantee NVMe
        Your M.2 interface may be using AHCI - Check your documentation
        Your motherboard may only support one type of M.2 Key
      - NVMe - Non-Volatile Memory Express
        Designed for SSD speeds
        Lower Latency, supports higher throughputs
        Take advantage of NVMe with an M.2 interface
      - SATA 2.5
        SATA was designed for hard drives - Uses AHCI - Advanced Host Controller Interface) to move drive data to RAM
        SATA revision 3 throughput up to 600 MB/s
        SSDs need a faster communication method
    - - 5,400rpm
      - 7,200rpm
      - 10,000rpm
      - 15,000rpm
      - Sizes
        
        2.5
        
        3.5
    - - SD Card
      - CompactFlash
      - Micro-SD card
      - Mini-SD card
      - xD
    - - RAID 0 - Stripping
        File blocks are split between two or more physical drives
        High performance - Data written quickly
        No Redundancy - A drive failure breaks the array - Raid 0 is zero redundancy
      - RAID 1 - Mirroring
        File blocks are duplicated between two or more physical drives
        High disk utilization - Every file is duplicated - Required disk space is doubled
        High Redundancy - Drive failure does not affect data available
      - RAID 5 - Stripping and Parity
        File blocks are striped - Along with a parity block - Requires at least 3 disks
        Efficient use of disk space - Files aren't duplicated, but space is still used for parity
        High Redundancy - Data is available after drive failure - Parity calculation may affect performance
      - RAID 10 - Stripe of Mirrors
        Nested RAID - RAID 1+0
        The speed of stripping, the redundancy of mirroring - The best of both worlds
        Need at least 4 drives
      - Hot Swappable
        Add or remove while the system is running - The connection is "hot"
        Drive chassis - Two or more drives
        Easy to repair - Replace a drive while the system is running - Combine with RAID for 100% uptime
  - - - ATX - Advanced Technology Extended
        Intel 1995 - Seen many updates over the years
        Power - 20 pin connector - 24 pin connector, additional 4/8 connector
        ATX motherboards are still manufactured in 2019
      - mATX - Micro Advanced Technology Extended
        Smaller than an ATX motherboard - Limited expansion slots
        Backwards compatibility - Similar mounting points - Similar power
        Very popular form factor - Actively manufactured in 2019
      - ITX
        A series of low-power motherboards - Developed by VIA Techonologies in 2001
      - mITX
        Mini-ITX is screw compatible with ATX and microATX
        Small form factor uses - Single purpose computing, i.e., streaming media
    - - PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
        A common expansion interface - 32-bit and 64-bit bus width - Parallel communication
        133 MB/s (32-bit at 33 MHz)
        266 MB/s (32-bit at 66 MHz or 64-bit at 33 MHz)
        533 MB/s (64-bit at 66 MHz)
      - PCIe - Express
        Replaced PCI, PCI-X, and AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port)
        Communicated serially - Unidirectional serial lanes - Slower devices don't slow down everyone
        One, Two, four, Eight, Sixteen, or Thirty Two Full-Duplex lanes
        x1,x2,x4,x8,x16,x32 (by 4 by 8)
        Per-lane throughput in each direction
        v1.x: 250 MB/s
        v2.x: 500 MB/s
        v3.0: ~1 GB/s
        v4.0: ~2 GB/s
        v5.0 (expected in 2019): ~ 4 GB/s
      - Riser Cards
      - Socket Types
        Land Grid Array (LGA)
        Reverse the PGA - pins are on the motherboard
        No pin to damage on the CPU - Easier to damage the motherboard
      - SATA
      - IDE
      - Front Panel Connector
      - Internal USB connector
        USB on the motherboard
        Integrated - part of the motherboard - on the back - keyboard, mouse
        Internal case connection - Pins for case interface
    - - Boot Options
        Launching the system setup
        Del, F1, F2, Crtl-S, Crtl-Alt-S
        Windows 7 - Microsoft Virtual PC
        Windows 8/10 - - Hyper-V - Turn Windows features on and off
        VMware Workstation Player
        But not VirtualBox
        Fast Start Up
        Disable fast start up from the Control Panel / Power Options - If you can
        Most motherboards have a separate process - Hodl F2, then press the power button, for example
      - Firmware Updates
        Firmware - Non-volatile memory and software - Older-style ROMs - Newer-style flash memory
        Computer BIOS, video adapter firmware, game console, etc. - Improve performance, fix bugs
        Not usually part of a normal maintenance process - Upgrade for a specific reason
      - Security Settings
      - Interface configurations
        RAM - View and configure memory settings
        Hard drive / SSD - Drive settings - Boot order
        Optical drive - Enable / Disable
        CPU - CPU types
        Built-in Diagnostics
        Part of the BIOS - Always available
        Run from the BIOS menu - no additional media or software required
        Focused on hardware checks - Doesn't touch the operating system
        IMPORTANT
        Have a backup of your BIOS configuration - Make notes or take picture
        Don't make a change unless you're certain of the setting - It's difficult to leave it alone
        Did i mention the backup? - it can save a lot of time!
      - Security
        
        Passwords
        BIOS Passwords - System won't start - Need the password to start the operating system
        Supervisor Password - Restrict BIOS changes - Must use supervisor password to change any BIOS configurations
        
        Drive encryption
        Everything is encrypted - Not just individual files
        Windows bitLocker disk encryption - BIOS integrates with TPM
        
        TPM - Trusted Platform Module
        Can be added too many motherboards
        Built-in to some systems
        Adds advanced cryptographic functions
        
        LoJack
        Originally called CompuTrace - name licensed from the vehicle recovery service
        Built into the BIOS - Software installed into the OS - reinstall itself if removed or new storage drive installed
        "Phone home" function - provides location information
        Theft mode - remote lock the laptop and/or delete files - forces a startup password
        
        Secure Boot
        Malicious software can "own" your system - Malicious drivers or OS software
        Secure boot - part of UEFI specification
        Digitally sign known-good software - Cryptographically secure - Software won't run without the proper signature
        Support in many different operating systems - Windows and Linux support
    - - Single-Core
      - Multicore
        Dual-Core / Quad-core / Octa-core / Multi-core - And more all the time
        Multiple cores - Each core has its own cache - The entire chip may have a shared cache
      - Virtual Technology
        Run other operating systems within a single hardware platform - Multiple operating systems share physical hardware components
        Virtualization in software was limited - Performance and hardware management challenges
        Virtualization added to the processor - Hardware is faster and easier to manage - Intel Virtualization Technology (VT)
        AMD Virtualization (AMD-V)
      - Hyperthreading
        Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT)
        One CPU, acts like two
        Doesn't actually work as fast as two - 15% to 30% performance improvement
        Operating system must be written for HTT - Windows XP and later (any modern OS)
      - Speeds
        Real Speed: CPU clock - Historical qualification of speed - Megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
        Actual speed - Combination of different factors - Clock speed, CPU architecture, bus speed, bus width, L1 cache size, L2 cache size, operating system capabilities
        CPU Manufacturers have moved away from marketing performance in clock cycles
        No broadly accepted measure of performance - Use a benchmark that works for you
      - Overclocking
        When fast isn't fast enough - Increase the clock speed past the rated value
        A balancing act - more power required, more heat created - At some point, the system becomes unstable
        Change the base clock (BCLK) - Need an unlock CPU - Run a stress test to confirm the stability
        This will void your warranty - You can break than your CPU
      - Integrated GPU
        Graphics processing unit - Part of a video adapter, motherboard or CPU
        Graphics rendering requires a lot of work - Dedicated hardware speeds the process
        On-die GPUs are increasingly common - But not as powerful as separate adapters
    - - AMD
        Cost - AMD tends to be a bit less expensive
        Laptops - AMD's separate graphics processors
        Historically, AMD is value
      - Intel
        Laptops - Intel has a large portfolio of options
        Intel's all-in-one chip vs
        Historically, Intel is performance
    - - Fans
        Cool air is pulled through a personal computer - Always check for good air flow
        Motherboard layout becomes important
        Component location is key - Devices, wiring, power
        Many different sizes and styles - and volume levels
        On-board fans
        Designed to cool an entire adapter card
        Can be bulky - May take additional adapter card space
        Usually seen on high-end graphic cards
        Fan specifications
        Standard sizes 80mm, 120mm, 200mm
        Different speeds - Variable speeds
        Different noise levels - Not all fans sound the same
        Fanless / passive cooling
        No fans, no noise - Silent operation
        Specialized functions - Video servers, TV set top box, satellite receiver, media server
      - Heat Sink
        Dissipate heat through thermal conduction - Copper or aluminum alloy
        Fins/grid increase surface area - Heat is then transferred to the cooler air
      - Liquid
        Coolant is circulated through a computer - Not a new concept - Automobiles, mainframe computers
        High-end systems
        Gaming, graphics
        Overclocking
      - Thermal paste
        Thermal paste creates a good contact between the chip and the heat sink
        They get hot! don't touch them
    - - Video cards
        
        Onboard
        
        Add-on card
      - Sound Cards
      - Network Interference Card
      - USB expansion card
      - eSATA card
  - - - Lumens / Brightness
  - - - Multicore processor
      - High-end Video
      - Maximum RAM
    - - Specialized audio and video card
      - Dual Monitors
      - Large, fast harddrive
    - - Maxiumum RAM and CPU Cores
    - - Multicore Processor
      - High End video / specialized GPU
      - High-Definition sound card
      - High-end cooling
    - - Desktop Applications
      - Meets recommended requirements for selected OS
    - - Basic Applications
      - Meets requirements for selected OS
      - Network Connectivity
    - - Media streaming
      - File Sharing
      - Gigabit NIC
      - RAID Array
  - - - Thin Client
      - Thick Client
      - Account setup / settings
    - - Touchpad configuration
      - Touchscreen Configuration
      - Application installations / configurations
      - Synchronization settings
      - Account setup / settings
      - Wireless Settings
  - - - Configuration Settings
        
        Duplex
        
        COllate
        
        Orientation
        
        Quality
    - - Wired
        
        USB
        
        Serial
        
        ethernet
      - Wireless
        
        Bluetooth
        
        802.11(a,b,g,n,ac)
        
        Infrastructure vs. ad hoc
      - Integrated Printer Server (hardware)
      - Cloud printing / remote printing
    - - Sharing local / networked device via operating system settings
        
        TCP/Boujour/AirPrint
      - Data Privacy
        
        User Authentication on the device
        
        Hard drive caching
  - - - Imaging drum, fuser assembly, transfer belt, transfer roller, pickup rollers, separate pads, duplexing assembly
      - Imaging process: processing, charging, exposing, developing, transferring, fusing, and cleaning.
      - Maintenance: Replace toner, apply maintenance kit, calibrate, clean
    - - Ink Cartridge, Print Head, roller, feeder, duplexing assembly, carriage, and belt
      - Calibrate
      - Maintenance: Clean heads, replace cartridges, calibrate, clear jams
    - - Feed assembly, heating element
      - Special Thermal Paper
      - Maintenance: Replace paper, clean heating element, remove debris
    - - Print head, ribbon, tractor feed
      - Impact paper
      - Maintenance: Replace ribbon, replace print head, replace paper
    - - Print to file
      - Print to PDF
      - Print to XPS
      - Print to image
    - - Plastic FIlament
- - - - IaaS
      - SaaS
      - PaaS
      - Public vs. Private vs. hybrid vs. community
    - - Internal vs. External
    - - synchronization apps
    - - Applications for cell phones / tablets
      - Applications for laptop / Desktops
    - - Virtual NIC
- - - - 1. Identify the problem
    - - 2. Establish a theory of portable cause (question the obvious)
    - - 3. Test the theory of portable cause
    - - 4. Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution
      - 5. Verify full system functionality and, if applicable, implement preventive measures
      - 6. Document findings, actions, and outcomes
  - - - Unexpected shutdowns
      - system lockups
      - POST code beeps
      - Blank Screen on bootup
      - BIOS time and setting resets
      - Attempts to boot to incorrect device
      - Continuous reboots
      - No power
      - Overheating
      - Loud Noise
      - Intermittent device failure
      - Fans spin - no power to other devices
      - Indicator lights
      - Smoke
      - Burning smell
      - Proprietary crash screens (BSOD / pin wheel)
      - Distended capacitors
      - log Entries and error messages
  - - - Read / Write Failures
      - Slow Performance
      - Loud clicking noise
      - Failure to boot
      - Drive not recognized
      - OS not found
      - RAID not found
      - RAID stops working
      - Proprietary crash screens (BSOD/pin wheel)
      - S.M.A.R.T. errors
  - - - VGA mode
      - No image on screen
      - Overheat shutdown
      - Dead Pixels
      - Artifacts
      - Incorrect color Patterns
      - Dim Image
      - Flickering image
      - Distorted image
      - Distorted geometry
      - Burn-In
      - Oversized images and icons
      - Multiple failed jobs in logs
  - - - No Display
      - Dim Display
      - Flickering Display
      - Sticking Keys
      - Intermittent wireless
      - Battery not charging
      - Ghost cursor / pointer drift
      - No Power
      - Num Lock indicator
      - No wireless connectivity
      - No Bluetooth connectivity
      - Cannot Display to external monitor
      - Touchscreen non-responsive
      - Apps not loading
      - Slow performance
      - Unable to decrypt email
      - Extremely Short Battery life
      - Overheating
      - frozen System
      - No sound from speakers
      - GPS not functioning
      - Swollen battery
    - - Document and label cable and screw locations
      - Organize parts
      - Refer to manufacturer resources
      - Use appropriate hand tools
  - - - Streaks
      - Faded prints
      - Ghost Images
      - Toner notfused to thbe bpabperb
      - bcreased paper
      - Paper Jam
      - No connectivity
      - Garbled characters on paper
      - Vertical lines on page
      - Backed-up print queue
      - Low memory errors
      - Access Denied
      - printer will not print
      - Color prints in wrong print color
      - Unable to install printer
      - Error Codes
      - Printing blank pages
      - No image on printer display
  - - - Limited connectivity
      - Unavailable resources
        
        Internet
        
        Local resources
        
        Shares
        
        Printers
        
        Email
      - No connectivity
      - APIPA / link local address that's the IP that it creates when DHCP is off, connected to network but not online.
      - Intermittent connectivity
      - IP Conflict
      - Slow transfer speeds
      - Low RF signal
      - SSID not found
- - - - RAM limitations
      - Software compatibility
    - - Microsoft Windows
        Advantages
        Large industry support
        broad selection of OS options
        Wide variety of software support
        Disadvantages
        Big target for security exploitation exercises
        Large hardware support can create challenging integration exercises
      - Apple Macintosh OS
      - Linux
    - - Microsoft Windows
      - Android
      - iOS
      - Chrome OS
    - - End-of-life
      - Update limitations
  - - - Domain Access
      - BitLocker
      - Media Center
      - Branchcache
      - EFS
  - - - USB
      - CD-ROM
      - DVD
      - PXE
      - Solid State / Flash Drives
      - Netboot
      - External / hot swappable drive
      - Internal hard drive (partition)
    - - unattended installations
      - In-Place upgrade
      - Clean Install
      - Repair installation
      - Repair installation
      - Multiboot
      - remote network installation
      - Image deployment
      - Recovery partition
      - Refresh / restore
    - - Dynamic
      - Basic
      - Primary
      - Extended
      - Logical
      - GPT
    - - exFAT
      - FAT32
      - NTFS
      - CDFS
      - NFS
      - ext3, ext4
      - HFS
      - Swap partition
      - Quick Format vs. full format
  - - - dir
      - cd
      - ..
  - - - Computer Management
      - Device Manager
      - Local Users and Groups
      - Local Security Policy
      - Performance Monitor
      - Services
      - System Configuration
      - Task Scheduler
      - Component Services
      - Data Sources
      - Print Management
      - Windows Memory Diagnostics
      - Windows Firewall
      - Advanced Security
      - Event Viewer
      - User Account Management
    - - General
      - Boot
      - Services
      - Startup
      - Tools
    - - Applications
      - Processes
      - Performance
      - Networking
      - Users
    - - Drive Status
      - Mounting
      - Initializing
      - Extending partitions
      - Splitting partitions
      - Shrink partitions
      - Assigning / changing drive letters
      - Adding drives
      - Adding Arrays
      - Storage spaces
    - - Regedit
      - Command
      - Services.msc
      - MMC
      - MSTSC
      - Notepad
      - Explorer
      - Msinfo32
      - DxDiag
      - Disk Defragmenter
      - System Restore
      - Windows Update
  - - - Connections
      - Security
      - General
      - Privacy
      - Programs
      - Advanced
    - - Resolution
      - Color Depth
      - Refresh Rate
    - - View hidden Files
      - Hide extensions
      - Genral options
      - View options
    - - Performance (virtual memory)
      - Remote Settings
      - System Protection
    - - Hibernate
      - Power plans
      - Sleep / Suspend
      - Standby
  - - - Drive space
      - RAM
    - - Compatibility
    - - Local (CD/USB)
      - Network-based
    - - Folder/file access for installation
    - - Impact to device
      - Impact to network
  - - - VPN
      - Dial-ups
      - Wireless
      - Wired
      - WWAN(Cellular)
    - - Exceptions
      - Configurations
      - Enabling / disabling Windows Firewall
    - - IP addressing
      - subnet mask
      - DNS
      - Gateway
    - - Half Duplex / full duplex / auto
      - Speed
      - Wake-on-LAN
      - QoS
      - BIOS(on-board NIC)
  - - - Scheduled Backups
      - Scheduled disk maintenance
      - System updates / App Store
      - patch Management
      - Driver / firmware updates
      - Antivirus / Anti-malware updates
    - - Backup / Time Machine
      - Restore / Snapshot
      - Image recovery
      - Disk maintenance utilities
      - Shell / Terminal
      - Screen Sharing
      - Force Quit
    - - Multiple desktops / Mission Control
      - Key CHain
      - Spot Light
      - iCLoud
      - Gestures
      - Finder
      - Remote Disc
      - Dock
      - Boot Camp
    - - ls
      - grep
      - cd
      - shutdown
      - pwd vs. passwd
      - mv
      - cp
      - rm
      - chmod
      - chown
      - iwconfig / ifconfig
      - ps
      - su / sudo
      - apt-get
      - vi
      - dd
      - kill
- - - - Login script
      - Domain
      - Group Policy / Updates
      - Organizational Units
      - Home Folder
      - Folder redirection
  - - - WEP
      - WPA
      - WPA2
      - TKIP
      - AES
      - Authentication
        
        Single-factor
        
        Multifactor
        
        RADIUS
        
        TACACS
  - - - Ransomware
      - Trojan
      - Keylogger
      - Rootkit
      - Virus
      - Botnet
      - Worm
      - Spyware
    - - Antivirus
      - Anti-Malware
      - Recovery console
      - Back up / Restore
      - End user education
      - Software firewalls
      - SecureDNS
  - - - Phishing
      - Spear Phishing
      - Impersonation
      - Shoulder surfing
      - Tailgating
      - Dumpster diving
  - - - Administrator
      - Power User
      - Guest
      - Standard User
    - - Allow vs. deny
      - Moving vs. copying folders and files
      - File attributes
    - - Administrative shares vs. local shares
      - Permission propagation
      - Inheritance
    - - Single sign-on
  - - - Setting strong passwords
      - Password Expiration
      - Screensaver required password
      - BIOS/UEFI password
      - Requiring passwords
    - - Restricting user permissions
      - Logon time restrictions
      - Disabling guest account
      - Failed attempts lockout
      - Timeout / screen lock
      - Change default admin user account / password
      - Basic Active Directory functions
        
        Account creation
        
        Account deletion
        
        Password reset / unlock account
        
        Disable account
  - - - Fingerprint lock
      - Face lock
      - Swipe lock
      - Passcode lock
    - - BYOD vs. corporate-owned
      - Profile security requirements
  - - - Shredder
      - Drill / hammer
      - Electromagnetic (Degaussing)
      - Incineration
      - Certificate of destruction
    - - Low-level format vs.standard format
      - Overwrite
      - Drive wipe
  - - - Charging default SSID
      - Setting encryption
      - Disabling SSID broadcast
      - Radio power levels
      - WPS
- - - - Slow Performance
      - Limited connectivity
      - Failure connectivity
      - Failure to boot
      - No OS Found
      - Application Crashes
      - Blue Screens
      - Black Screens
      - Printing issues
      - Services Fail to strat
      - Slow Bootup
      - Slow profile load
    - - Defragment the hard drive
      - Reboot
      - Kill tasks
      - Restart Services
      - Update Network Settings
      - Reimage / reload OS
      - Roll Back updates
      - Roll back devices drivers
      - Applu devices
      - Repair application
      - Update boot order
      - Disable Windows Services / applications
      - Disable application strat up
      - Safe Boot
      - Rebuild Windows profiles
  - - - Pop-ups
      - Browser redirection
      - Security alerts
      - Slow Performance
      - Internet connectivity isses
      - PC / OS lockup
      - Rogue antivirus
      - Spam
      - Renamed system files
      - Disappearing files
      - File Permission changes
      - Hijacked email
        
        Responses from users regarding email
        
        Automated replies from unknown sent email
      - Access Denied
      - Invalid certificate (trusted root CA)
      - System / Application log errors
  - - - a. Update the anti-malware software.
      - b. Scan and use removal techniques (safe mode, pre-installation environment)
  - - - Dim Display|
      - Intermittent wireless
      - No wireless connectivity
      - No Bluetooth connectivity
      - Cannot broadcast to external monitor
      - Touchscreen non-responsive
      - Apps not loading
      - Slow Performance
      - Unable to decrypt email
      - Extremely short battery life
      - Overheating
      - Frozen System
      - No Sound from Speakers
      - Inaccurate touch screen response
      - System lockout
      - App log errors
  - - - Signal drop weak signal
      - power drain
      - Slow data speeds
      - Unintended WiFi connection
      - Unintended Bluetooth Pairing
      - leaked personal files/data
      - Data transmission over limit
      - Unauthorized account access
      - Unauthorized location tracking
      - unauthorized camera/microphone activation
      - High resource utilization
- - - - Asset tags
      - barcodes
  - - - Approvals
  - - - Image level
      - File level
      - critical applications
  - - - AntiStatic bags
      - ESD straps
      - ESD mats
      - Self-grounding
    - - Batteries
      - Toner
      - CRT
      - Celll Phones
      - Tablets
    - - Disconnect power before repairing PC
      - Remove jewelry
      - Lifting Techniques
      - Weight limitations
      - Electrical fire safety
      - Cable management
      - Safety Googles**
      - Air Filter mask
  - - - Battery backup
      - Surge suppressor
    - - Enclosures
      - Air filters / mask
    - - Compressed air
      - Vacuums
  - - - First Response
        
        Identify
        
        report through proper channels
        
        Data / device peservation
      - Use of documentation / documentation changes
      - Chain Custody
        
        tracking of evidence / documenting process
      - Licensing / DRM / EULA
        
        Open-Source vs Commercial License
        Open source is when its maker releases the instructions for making it.
        Closed source is when its maker sells a product without telling anyone how you made it.
        
        Personal license vs. enterprise license
        Personal use or educational purposes vs. business oriented
      - Regulated Data
        
        PII
        
        PCI
        
        GDPR
        
        PHI
      - Follow all policies and security best practices
  - - - Use appropriate professional titles when applicable
    - - Personal calls
      - Texting/ social media sites
      - Talking to coworkers while interacting with customers
      - Personal interruptions
    - - Do not argue with customers and/or be defensive
      - Avoid dismissing customer problems
      - Avoid being judgemental
      - Clarify customer statements (ask open-ended questions to narrow the scope of the problem, restate the issue, or question to verify understanding)
      - Do not disclose experiences via social media outlets
    - - Offer different repair/replacement options, if applicable
      - Provide proper documentation on the services provided
      - Follow up with customer/user at a later date to verify satisfaction
    - - Located on a computer, desktop printer, etc.
  - - - .bat
      - .ps1
      - .vbs
      - .sh
      - .py
      - .js
    - - Basic loops
      - Variables
    - - Integers
      - Strings
  - - - Screen share feature
      - File share