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(ethics (e) (broad field - consist of - e of (philosophy, psychology,…

- - - - quality of human
        
        virtue e
        
        3 greek philosophers
        
        aristotle
        
        plato
        
        socrates
        
        human quality is main determinant of society quality
        
        gandhi - if wealth is lost, nothing is lost, if health is lost something is lost but if character is lost then everthing is lost
        
        vivekananda - society is not strong because it has aomic weapon or good but beacause it has people with good character
        
        emphasis on - values of courage, justice, temperance and wisdom
      - action of human and analysis of quality of action
        
        deontology
        
        essence
        
        duty is end in itself
        
        judging - quality of action itself - wont justify action/means on the basis of quality of end
        
        means oriented - means>end
        
        action should itself be right
        
        one should always speak truth
        
        philosopher
        
        kant
        
        teleology/consequentialists
        
        philosophers/schools
        
        contractarian
        
        deal with state-citizen relationship
        
        basic human nature is -ve, bad, murdurous, selfish
        
        hence state should control human/citizen
        
        philosopher - thomos hobbs, locke, russel
        
        contemporary contractarian
        
        philosopher - john rawls
        
        ie, analyses of rights of individuals
        
        theory of justice - every person in society enjoy some basic rights - liberty, equality and freedom - which cant be taken away
        
        utilitarian
        
        aim of life is to seek happiness
        
        philosophers - benthem, JS mill
        
        avoid pain, seek pleasure, enjoy life
        
        individual achievement oriented
        
        maximise utility of human action
        
        greatest good to greatest no. of people
        
        essence
        
        aim of life is good outcome
        
        end>means
        
        consequence of action should be right
        
        one should speak truth to achieve some end - if speaking truth is resulting into wrong end then one should not speak truth
      - aka agent(virtue e - emphasis on quality/character of human) - action (normative e - emphasis on equality of action)theories
    - - studies basis of good or bad
    - - application of e in field context
      - special
        
        values in civil services/ e in admin
        
        professional e
        
        medical e
        
        business e
        
        bio e
        
        env e
    - - philosopher - allison jagger, claudia carda
      - e is male biased
      - love, care, affection and compassion equally imp to courage, wisdom etc
- - - - called moral standard
    - - ethical
    - - moral standard
    - - ethical