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Geology (History of Earth's formation (Alfred Wegener created the…
Geology
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Volcanoes
Volcanic eruptions are responsible for releasing molten rock, or lava, from deep within the Earth, forming new rock on the Earth's surface. But eruptions also impact the atmosphere. The gases and dust particles thrown into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions have influences on climate.
A dormant volcano is an active volcano that is not erupting, but supposed to erupt again. An extinct volcano has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future.
A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) is a fast-moving current of hot gas
Lava is actually a mixture of magma and gases. This includes steam, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide (the good old 'rotten egg' gas).
Volcano eruptions happen when magma erupts from beneath the Earth's crust. When a volcano erupts, the magma becomes lava and shoots into the air, eventually running down the side of the volcano.
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Earthquakes
The Richter scale, officially called the "Richter Magnitude Scale," is a numerical value used to measure the power of earthquakes.
The focus is also called the hypocenter of an earthquake. The vibrating waves travel away from the focus of the earthquake in all directions.
The epicenter is usually the location where there is the greatest damage, but this isn't always the case, especially for large earthquakes.
Tsunamis
A tsunami or the incorrectly named tidal wave (because the wave has nothing to do with the tide), also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
The most common cause of the displacement is by an abrupt movement on the ocean floor that can result from an earthquake, an underwater landslide, a volcanic eruption or - very rarely - a large meteorite strike.