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Tema 1: Biología (The human cell (2.1. The plasma membrane (Thin layer…

- - - - Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
      - Nucleus
      - Cytoplasm
  - - - Surrounds the cell and detects changes in the environment and allows the cell to respond to these changes in an appropiate way
      - Protects it and separates its contents from the outside environment
      - Regulates exchanges of substances with the surrounding environment. The transfer of substances across the cell membrane takes place in different ways, depending on the size of the substances
        
        Small substances: can cross the membrane on their own
        
        Medium-sized substances: cross it with help of proteins
        
        Large substances: they reach the inner part of the cell by endocytosis
  - - - The nuclear membrane: contains nuclear pores which allow substances to be exchanged between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
      - The chromatin: Is the network of all the DNA fibres and proteins.When the cell divides, the chromatin fibres roll up and become compacted (this are chromosomes, which are visible under a microscope)
      - The nucleolus is a spherical structure inside the nucleus where the component parts of ribosomes are made
  - - - Non-membranous organelles
        
        Cytoskeleton: network of fibres that gives the cell its shape and organises its movements
        
        Centrioles: Two fibre-based cylinders that direct the movement of the cytoskeleton and the chromosomes during cell division
        
        Ribosomes: small particles that synthesise proteins. They can either be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or scattered around the cytoplasm
      - Membranous organelles
        
        Vesicles: small structures that transport or store substances
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): network of tubules and sacs that synthesise substances
        
        Rough ER: has ribosomes attached to its walls and participates in protein synthesis
        
        Smooth ER: doesn't have ribosomes, but participates in the synthesis of lipids
        
        Golgi apparatus: network of flattened sacs that modify the substances that are synthesised in the ER and transport them outside the cell via vesicles
        
        Lysosomes: vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest the particles captured by the cell
        
        Mithocondria: oval structures with a double membrane and numerous folds in their internal membrane. They obtain energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- - - - Lining epithelium: Protective function and lines the internal and external surfaces of organs
      - Glandular epithelium: forms glands, which secrete substances
  - - - Adipose tissue: Contains low levels of intercellular substances. Its cells store fat as an energy reserve and thermal insulation
      - Cartilage: Its matrix is solid and elastic. It's found in ear cartilage and in the joints
      - Connective tissue: contains a lot of fibre-rich intercellular substance. Surrounds many organs and forms tendons
      - Osseous (bone) tissue: Its intercellular substance is solid due to the presence of calcium salts. Forms bones
      - Blood: It has a liquid matrix called plasma, which has blood cells suspended within it (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets)
  - - - The locomotor system (skeletal muscle)
      - The heart (cardiac muscle)
      - In the walls of various organs (smooth muscle)
- - - - Atoms are the smallest units of matter that have the properties of a chemical element. Those which form part of living matter are called bioelements
    - - Molecules are groups of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Those that make up living things are called biomolecules and contain a high levels of carbon
        
        Biomolecules group together to carry out a function within a cell. They form organelles
  - - - Cells are the structural and functional units of all living beings (smallest part capable of carrying out the three vital functions). Human cells=eukaryotic animal cells
    - - Tissues are groups of similar cells that specialise in the same function.
      - Tissues group together to form organs
      - Organs group together in systems to perform a coordinated function
      - The human body is made up of the combination of organs and systems, which coordinate to carry out the three vital functions