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Test 4 Agri Ecos (This is just rough note building, no knowledge of…

- - - - To increase in size by the assimilation/accretion of materials
        
        Regarded as quantitative growth which can be physically and environmentally degrading (using more resources)
        
        Measured in quantitative terms (GDP) – expressed in monetary terms
        
        Need population stability to reduce the need for growth
        
        Economies start with quantitative throughput growth as infrastructure and industries are built
        
        Eventually matures into a pattern with less throughput growth but more qualitative development
    - - To expand or realize the potentialities ofit, to bring a fuller, greater or better state; create and expand potential
      - Regarded as qualitative improvements to ensure economic development
      - Sustainability considerations want more development not necessarily more growth
      - Development should be used to free resources (source and sink) for growth and development for pooper nations
      - Poorer countries need
        
        Large- scale transfers
        
        higher prices for exports
        
        Debt releif
      - Econmic dev. can further sustainable resource use by:
        
        Improvement in tech to farm in an enviro friendly manner
        
        Support in smaller buisnesses in rural communities which allows for dev of the rural area
        
        Improve education standards which will increase economic development for future generations
  - - - Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between environmental quality and economic development: various indicators of environmental degradation tend to get worse as modern economic growth occurs until average income reaches a certain point over the course of development.The EKC suggests, in sum, that "the solution to pollution is economic growth."
      - Initially if start with low GDP per capital - low income-and income increases the impact on environment would be serve. At a certain point - higher GDP - that person as result of education etc is in position to make conscious decisions and technological developments(able to afford) so that impact on environment might be less.
      - Important patterns of human behavior in response to taxation & tariffs.
- - - - Reference function' contributes to maintenance of human health through reflection, spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreation and aesthetic experience.
    - - Photosynthesis and nutrient uptake at base and food webs provide wide variety of living biomass which provides broad diveristy in carbohydrate structures which humans use for food, raw material or energy resources and genetic material
    - - Bio-geochemical cycles that maintain ecosystem health, provide many services such as clean air, water and soil and biological control services.
    - - Function of providing refuge and reproduction for wild plants and animals.Conservation of biological and genetic diversity and evo processes
- - - - Direct costs (production)
      - INdirect costs ( fixed overheads often)
      - Tangible costs (easy to measure and quantify
      - Intangible Costs (customer satisfaction and productivity levels)
      - Real costs (labor costs and raw materials)
- - - - Post Industrial (service sector based economy)
        
        More weath lower impact with high amounts of wealth. Fewer children.
        
        Can acheive this through indoctrination and education. Overcoming poverty (people care more once basic needs for survival met
- - - - Market failure to "cash" value natural flows (such as resilience) , no market price mechanism that fully captures such benefits. Market fails to internalize protection benefits
        
        Ignoring the existence of positive externalities
        
        Individual utility maximizing behavior
  - - - Usually dealing with society level
        
        In tragedy of the commons each individual personal calculation accounts for his share of the cost of decreasing resilience verses to his share of the cost of preserving resilience.
        
        In abscence of property rights the result will be a loss of ecosystems' resilience greater than socially optimal level as individual use is easily larger than preservation.
      - Prevention and mitigation costs are nessisary to minimize welfare losses in cse of happening damage.
        
        These may be valuated also as preventing disruption of business itself and so the valuation of businessmen's time factors in as well.