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Genes and Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development (Storing Genetic…

- - - - Nucleotides read and used in groups of 3. 64 triplets.
    - - UAA, UAG, UGA.
      - Signals to ribosomes to stop protein synthesis
    - - Essentially extra code, but offers protection from any mutations.
    - - AUG (AUG A3 for Christmas? Please?)
      - Signals the start point of where protein synthesis should begin. Very important.
  - - - Codes for amino acid sequence
      - Is what genes are composed of
    - - Region where messengers activate genes
    - - Sequence of nucleotides were codons are eventually expressed
  - - - Carries information
      - If damaged, easily replaced with copies
      - Critical for protein synthesis
    - - Formed from histones forming aggregates and DNA wrapping around them.
    - - A mode of DNA/Protein structure.
      - Caused by Histone H1
  - - - Small kink believed to affect RNA polymerase
    - - A large molecule of both introns and exons rapidly modified by nuclear enzymes
- - - - Evolutionary Studies
        
        Restriction map
        
        Produced by a separation and staining process
        
        RFLP
        
        Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
      - Physical Studies
        
        Reverse Transcriptase
        
        Virus enzyme that synthesizes DNA using RNA as a template
        
        cDNA
        
        Complementary DNA
        
        Synthesized using fluorescent nucleotides
        
        Expression Profiling
        
        Uses cDNAs to examine gene expression
    - - Vectors
        
        Carriers
        
        Can be genetically engineered to be the ideal DNA fragment
      - YACs
        
        Yeast artificial chromosomes
        
        Contains essential parts of yeast chromosomes
      - Plasmid
        
        Short, circular piece of DNA
        
        Acts like a tiny bacterial chromosome
      - PCR
        
        Polymerase chain reaction
        
        Only enzymes are used, rather than including yeasts as well
    - - Is a class of bacterial enzymes
      - Palindromes
        
        Related to Sarah Palin... Maybe
        
        Sequences recognized by a restriction endonuclease
      - DNA Ligase
        
        Is a DNA repair enzyme
        
        Produces "recombinant DNA"
    - - Chain termination method
        
        Method of cloning, adding enzymes, and reacting chemicals to result in thousands of DNA molecules at many sizes.
      - pyrosequencing method
        
        Similiar to above, but use of pyrophosphate is emphasized
    - - DNA Hybridization
        
        Reformation of double-stranded DNA by cooling a solution of single-stranded DNAs.
        
        Also known as reanneling.
        
        Reanneling is usually very slow, but can be quite rapid in a minority of occasions.
        
        Certain methods can be used to measure number of copies of a gene that occurs.
- - - - GMO Tomatoes are but one example of edited crops.
      - Able to be shipped while green
      - Maintain firmness for much longer
    - - Vitamin A is added, to assist those with a Vitamin A deficiency